1. Kingdom Plantae Lower Plants, Organization, Morphology and Reproduction

2. Plant Evolution Ancestor = Charophytes  member of the green algae

3. Problems associated with movement to land 1.Desiccation (dehydration) 2.Gas exchange 3.Support of multicellular structures 4.Reproduction 5.Spore or seed dispersal

4. Alternation of Generations

5. Alternation of generations Diploid Full # chromosomes 2n All non-gamete cells Can’t be gametes Human = 46 Haploid ½ # chromosomes n Gametes At fertilization become diploid zygote Human = 23

6. Alternation of generations Two Generations: 1.Sporophyte stage (spore-plant) a.Diploid stage (2n) b.Produces haploid spores by meiosis c.Spores grow into gametophyte containing male or female repro structures.

7. Alternation of Generations

8. Alternation of generations con’t. Two Generations: 2. Gametophyte (n) (gamete plant) a. haploid stage b. Male: has antheridia, makes sperm c. Female: has archegonia, makes eggs d. gametes produced via MITOSIS e. Sperm swim f. Fertilization produces zygote g. Grows into Sporophyte

9. Alternation of Generations

10. Bryophytes (nonvascular land plants) Hepatophyta Liverworts Anthocerophyta Hornworts Bryophyta Mosses

11. The Liverworts (Hepatophyta) - Marchantia sp. Gemmae cups-asexual Female Gametophyte Archegonia

12. The Hornworts (Anthocerophyta) Anthoceros sp.

13. Moss plants – Bryophyta gametophyte & sporophyte generations

14. See fig 27.12, Russell*

15. Adaptation to Land Problems associated with movement to land 1.Desiccation (dehydration) 2.Gas exchange 3.Support of multicellular structures 4.Reproduction 5.Spore or seed dispersal

16. Adaptation to Land (desiccation, gas xchge) 1.Stomata: a. Openings in leaf surface b. control H 2 O loss b. allow for gas exchange

18. Adaptation to Land (desiccation,transport) 1.Stomata: 2.Vascular Structures a. Xylem-H 2 O up from Roots b. Phloem-sugar around

20. Adaptation to Land (dessication) 1.Stomata: 2.Vascular 3.Cuticle a. H2O proof b. prevents dessication

21. Cuticle (made of cutin)

22. Adaptation to Land (support) 1.Stomata: 2.Vascular Structures 3.Support a. Lignin in cell walls b. allows for branching and larger size

23. Bryophytes No true roots or vascular tissue - 2 cm tall Still have a need for water (Repro)

24. Vascular Plants Dominant stage = sporophyte (Gametophyte hidden) Specialized organs a.Roots -rhizomes b.Stems c.Leaves

26. Vascular plants con’t. Branching Some contain lignin a. structural support Vascular tissues a. Xylem b. phloem

27. Vascular Bundles in Monocot stem

28. Vascular plants con’t. Two types of growth – apical meristem a. Primary growth b. Secondary growth Sperm still flagellated Maintained stomata & cuticle

30. Nonseed Vascular Plants LycophytaPsilotophytaSphenophytaPterophyta

31. LycophytaPsilotophyta Lycopodium sp.Psilotum sp. (microphylls)(stems only)

32. SphenophytaPterophyta – the ferns Equisetum sp.

33. Sori on the underside of sporophylls

34. Vascular Seed Plants Coniferophyta - the gymnosperms Anthophyta - the angiosperms

35. Seed plants Purpose of the seed: A. means of dispersal of offspring B. Survive unfavorable conditions C. Stores food for embryo D. Protection from predators E. Remember “Seedy Side of Plants”

36. Seed plants (con’t.) Non-flagellated sperm a.pollen b.Moved by water, wind, insects, and animals c.Forms pollen tube for sperm Egg cells a. Called ovules  located inside the ovary

37. Seed plants con’t. Reduced gametophyte a. composed only of sperm or egg Maintained: a.vascular tissue, b.Cuticle c.stomata

38. Gymnosperms A. Needle-like leaves B. Found in moderately cold & dry regions C. Direct pollination  ovules NOT enclosed by tissue of the sporophyte (gym= naked)

39. Gymnosperm Life Cycle

40. Gymnosperms – naked seed plants Cycads (Sego palm)Ginkgo biloba Strobili: sporophylls (leaves with sporangia) Phy: Ginkophyta Phy: Cycadophyta

41. WelwitschiaEphedra Phylum: Gnetophyta

42. Coniferophyta

43. Angiosperms 1.Produce flowers, seeds and fruit 2.Petals  brightly colored to attract pollinators 3.Dominate the landscape

44. The anatomy of a flower

45. Flower anatomy con’t.

46. Angiosperms con’t. Pollination 1.Pollen grain lands on stigma and germinates 2.Pollen tube grows down through style into ovary  releases sperm into ovules (egg cells) 3.Mature ovary = fruit 4.Mature ovule = seed

47. Pollination

48. Monocots vs. Dicots MonoDicot 1.1 cotyledon2 cotyledons 2.Parallel veinnet-like vein 3.Fibrous roottap root 4.Flwr parts in 3flwr parts in 4-5 5.Scattered bundlesbundles in ring (in the stem)