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The Organization of Life Chapter 4
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Ecosystems Ecosystem- all the organisms living in an area together with their physical environment. Ecosystems are connected. “ When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.” – John Muir
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Ecosystems
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Ecosystems Components of the ecosystem- –Biotic- living or once living portion of an ecosystem. –Abiotic- nonliving portion of the ecosystem. Ex.- Light, sand, rocks, air, water
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Ecosystems
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Ecosystem Components of an ecosystem- –Organisms- an individual living thing. –Species- a group of organisms that are closely related and that can mate to produce fertile offspring. –Populations- all members of the same species that live in the same place. –Communities- a group of various species that live in the same place and interact.
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Ecosystems
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Ecosystems Habitat- the place an organism lives. Niche- the role an organism plays in an ecosystem. What the organism does to survive and meet its needs.
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Ecosystems
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Evolution Evolution- genetic change over time. –Darwin proposed that an environment exerts a strong influence over which individuals survive and reproduce. –Natural selection- some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce because of certain characteristics they have.
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Evolution
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Evolution
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Evolution Adaptation-an inherited trait that increases an organisms chance of survival and reproduction. Coevolution- the process of genetic change due to long term interaction between two organisms.
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Evolution Artificial selection- Human controlled breeding of organisms for specific traits. –Wolves Dogs –Native grains Wheat
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Evolution Evolution of Resistance –Resistance- the ability of one or more organisms to tolerate a particular chemical designed to kill it. Pesticide resistance
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Diversity of Living Things Learn this chart– p. 102 in your textbook.
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Diversity of Living Things Bacteria –Single celled –Prokaryotic –2 kinds Archaebacteria and Eubacteria –Break down waste, recycle materials, help with digestion in more complex organisms, cause illness
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Diversity of Living Things Fungi –Eukaryote –Have cell wall made of chitin –Extracellular digestion –Breakdown organic matter, recycle materials, cause disease, food for humans
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Diversity of Living Things Protist –Eukaryote –Very Diverse group Animal like- amoeba Plant like- kelp Fungus like –Some cause disease- plasmodium = malaria –Plantlike protist (algae) make up the base of all aquatic food chains.
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Diversity of Living Things Plants –Multi-celled eukaryotes –Cells walls made of cellulose –Photosynthesize –Most have vascular tissue- a system of tubes that carry water and nutrients –Nonvascular plants No vascular tissue Swimming sperm- require water for reproduction Ex.- ferns and club mosses
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Diversity of Life Plants-con’t –Gymnosperms Woody plants Seeds are not covered by fruits Produces pollen for reproduction- wind Ex.- conifers
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Diversity of Life Plants –Angiosperms Flowering plants Seeds protected by fruit Produces pollen for reproduction- wind, insects, animals Most land plants are angiosperms
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Diversity of Life Animals –Eukaryotic –Heterotrophic- can not produce its own food –Mobile
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Diversity of Life Invertebrates –Lack backbones –Ex- coral, octopus, insects
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Diversity of life Vertebrates –Have backbone –Land and water dwelling –Warm blooded animals can survive cold climates (birds and mammals)
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