1. Prof. Dr. Július Novotný,CSc. Dr. Milan Zúbrik Forest Research Institute Zvolen, Research Station B. Stiavnica, Lesnícka 11, 969 23, Slovak republic Integrated pest management in close nature forestry

2. The tree decline as a key problem Tree Forest stand Forest ecosystem STRESS INJURIOUSFACTORS FOREST DECLINE

3. The key approaches... caused by weather anomalies, emissions, wind, snow, insects, fungi infections etc. results in the decline of commercially and ecologically important forest tree species. Natural forests are more pest resistant. Have a close nature forest - have a healthly forests General decrease of the vitality and stability of forest stands

4. Injurious factors  Biotic agents phytopathogenic micro-organisms, insect pests bark beetles and wood borers, leaf-eating and sucking, insects, game  Anthropogenic injurious factors air pollution, immissions, other anthropogenic injurious factors  Abiotic injurious factors weather anomalies, wind, snow, frost, dry... synergistic effect

5. Injurious factors Proportion of incidental felling in total volume of felling in Slovakia (in %)

6. Injurious factors Damage caused by non-biotic injurious factors

7. The key approaches WHAT IS Integrated pest management ? It is a system of the different methods in silviculture, forest management and forest protection with target to prohibit forest from injury.

8. The key approaches WHY Integrated pest management ? We do not control one single agant but we are dealing with several agents which attack the forest in the same time or one after the other.

9. IPM rules Integrated pest management general RULES Economical Effective Ecological Different treatments have to by co-ordinated together. Make prevention instead of suppression or eradication.

10. IPM rules Integrated pest management general RULES Pest management has to be realised on a large (possible all) infected area. We do not need fully remove the pest from the ecosystem - we need to keep its population density under the economical (or another) level. Combination of mechanical, chemical and biological treatments.

11. Models Integrated pest management MODELS Basic information (tree, stands, soil, position, insect presence...) Simulation of possible combined effects of the injurious factors

12. Models Integrated pest management MODELS Models for ecosystems (mountain forests, nature reserve) Models for tree species (spruce, beech...) Model contents risk factors treatments in prevention treatments in suppresion

13. Forest pests Bio agents -leaf eating insect Hmyz huby Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) Tortricids on oak (Tortrix viridana, Aleima loenflingiana...) Geometrids on oak (Erannis defoliaria, Operophtera brumata) Silver fir woolly aphid (Dreyfusia nordmannianae) Melolontha sp.

14. Forest area defoliated by leaf eating insect during last 10 years period in Slovakia Forest pests

15. Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar in Slovakia - area Forest pests

16. Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar in Slovakia - population dynamic Forest pests

17. Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar in Slovakia Monitoring of population dynamic. Annual and regular monitoring system using pheromone traps. Monitoring of natural enemies complex. In 1960-65 were two egg parasitoids Ooencyrtus cuvanae and Anastatus disparis introduced from south Europe into the south Slovakia. They were successfully established in Forest ecosystems. Monitoring of parasitoids and predators through different projects.

18. Forest pests Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar in Slovakia Criteria for area applications -in high quality production forests, forests close to urban area, forest in central part of gradation area, places with low population density of natural enemies... Pesticides aplication on large area only.

19. Y YYY YYY YYY YY Y YYY YY NYN N NY Forest pests Example - wrong solution

20. Y YYY YYY YYY YY Y YYY YY YYY Y YY Forest pests Example - good solution

21. Forest pests Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar in Slovakia SIT ULV treatments -2-4 l/ ha Only viruses or B.t. pesticides used. In 1994-1995 was Foray on area of 5000 ha applied.

22. Forest pests Bio agents -bark beetles and wood borers Ips typographus Pityogenes chalcographus Ips sexdentatus Ips acuminatus Scolytus intricatus

23. Ips typographus in Slovakia - area Forest pests

24. Ips typographus in Slovakia - population dynamic Forest pests

25. Ips typographus in Slovakia Forest pests consistent hygiene in the forests searching, cutting and sanitation of the infected trees. Bringing the population density down trap trees, pheromone traps NV1,0 - 1,5 %0,5 %5 – 6 l/m 3 Vaztak 10 SC NV1,0 - 1,5 %0,5 %5 – 6 l/m 3 Vaztak 10 EC NV0,1 – 0,2 %0,05 %5 – 6 l/m 3 Regent 800 WG NV1,0 - 1,5 %0,5 – 1,0 %5 – 6 l/m 3 Karate 2,5 WG NV0,5 - 0,7 %0,3 – 0,5 %5 – 6 l/m 3 Fury 10 EW ULV30 %--0,6 l/m 3 Cyples 30 ULV NV1,5 %0,5 %5 – 6 l/m 3 Cyper 10 EM volumesanitationpreventiondosePesticide

26. Ips typographus in Slovakia Forest pests THEYSOHN ECOTRAP

27. Results Conclusion The are no principle differences between IPM in normal managed forest and in nature close forest. Theoretical knowledge about IPM has to by implement directly in to the praxis and applied in the close nature forests.....thank you for your attention!