1. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/081 or Making subatomic particles go very fast! Philip Burrows John Adams Institute, Oxford University Visiting Oxford Fellow, Canterbury University Particle Accelerators

2. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/082 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Largest, highest-energy particle collider CERN, Geneva

3. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/083 In case you missed it … All eyes on collider as it comes to life Will atom smasher signal end of the world? Le LHC, un succès européen à célébrer Large Hadron Collider e International Linear Collider a caccia del bosone di Higgs Wir stoßen die Tür zum dunklen Universum auf

4. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/084 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Largest, highest-energy particle collider CERN, Geneva First protons September 10th

5. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/085

6. 6 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Largest, highest-energy particle collider CERN, Geneva

7. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/087 The fastest racetrack on the planet The protons will reach 99.9999991% speed of light, and go round the 27km ring 11,000 times per second

8. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/088 The emptiest vacuum in the solar system Ten times more atmosphere on the Moon than inside LHC beam pipes

9. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/089 The coldest places in the galaxy The LHC operates at -271 C (1.9K), colder than outer space. A total of 36,800 tonnes are cooled to this temperature. The largest refrigerator ever

10. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0810 The hottest spots in the galaxy When the two beams of protons collide, they will generate temperatures 1000 million times hotter than the heart of the sun, but in a minuscule space

11. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0811 The biggest detectors ever built

12. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0812 The biggest detectors ever built To sample and record the debris from up to 600 million proton collisions per second, we are building gargantuan devices to measure particles with micron precision.

13. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0813 The most extensive computer system To analyse the data tens of thousands of computers around the world are being harnessed in the Grid

14. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0814 First event 10 September 2008

15. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0815 Why build accelerators?

16. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0816 Uncovering the origin of the universe Older ….. larger … colder ….less energetic now Big Bang

17. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0817 Telescopes to the early universe Older ….. larger … colder ….less energetic now Big Bang

18. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0818 Composition of the universe

19. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0819 Why build accelerators? Want to see what matter is made of Smash matter apart and look for the building blocks Take small pieces of matter: accelerate them to very high energy crash them into one another LHC: protons crashing into protons head-on

20. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0820 Why colliders? The higher the energy, the smaller the pieces we can reveal in the collisions

21. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0821 Why colliders? The higher the energy, the smaller the pieces we can reveal in the collisions 60 mphstationary

22. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0822 Why colliders? The higher the energy, the smaller the pieces we can reveal in the collisions 60 mphstationary 30 mph

23. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0823 Why colliders? The higher the energy, the smaller the pieces we can reveal in the collisions 60 mphstationary 30 mph For speeds well below light speed: same damage!

24. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0824 Why colliders?

25. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0825 Why colliders? Now try this with protons moving near light speed stationary

26. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0826 Why colliders? Now try this with protons moving near light speed stationary

27. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0827 Why colliders? stationary For the same physics, 14,000 times the energy of each proton in the LHC

28. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0828 Why colliders? Most of the energy goes into carrying the momentum forward

29. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0829 Why colliders? All the energy available for smashing up the protons

30. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0830 High energy is critical Size of structure we can probe with a collider like LHC = h / p (de Broglie, 1924) h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10**-34 Js p = momentum of protons The larger the momentum (energy), the smaller the size

31. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0831 How to accelerate protons to high energies? protons carry electric CHARGE  feel electric force proton

32. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0832 Accelerating protons Apply an electric field  accelerate!

33. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0833 Accelerating protons Apply an electric field  accelerate!

34. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0834 Accelerating protons Apply an electric field  accelerate! + - V

35. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0835 Accelerating protons Apply an electric field  accelerate! + - V

36. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0836 Accelerating protons Apply an electric field  accelerate! + - V

37. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0837 Accelerating electrons + - V

38. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0838 Accelerating electrons + - V

39. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0839 Accelerating electrons + - V Energy ~ voltage

40. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0840 The early days

41. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0841 The early days + -

42. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0842 The early days X-rays

43. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0843 First use of an accelerator in medicine! Mrs. Roentgen’s hand

44. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0844 Cockcroft – Walton Accelerator 800,000 Volts

45. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0845 Van de Graaff Accelerator 1500,000 Volts

46. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0846 How many Volts??? Voltage [Volts]Size probed [metres]

47. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0847 How many Volts??? Voltage [Volts] 1000,000 (Mega) Size probed [metres] 0.000 000 000 000 1

48. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0848 How many Volts??? Voltage [Volts] 1000,000 (Mega) 1000,000,000 (Giga) Size probed [metres] 0.000 000 000 000 1 0.000 000 000 000 000 1

49. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0849 How many Volts??? Voltage [Volts] 1000,000 (Mega) 1000,000,000 (Giga) 1000,000,000,000 (Tera) Size probed [metres] 0.000 000 000 000 1 0.000 000 000 000 000 1 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 1

50. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0850 How many Volts??? Voltage [Volts] 1000,000 (Mega) 1000,000,000 (Giga) 1000,000,000,000 (Tera) LHC: 7000,000,000,000 7 trillion Volts Size probed [metres] 0.000 000 000 000 1 0.000 000 000 000 000 1 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 1 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 01 10**-20 metres

51. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0851 How to reach LHC energies? We need 7000,000,000,000 Volts /proton beam How to do this??

52. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0852 How to reach LHC energies? We need 7000,000,000,000 Volts /proton beam How to do this?? ?

53. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0853 How to reach LHC energies? We need 7000,000,000,000 Volts /proton beam How to do this?? ? Would need 10,000,000,000,000 AA batteries

54. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0854 How to reach LHC energies? We need 7000,000,000,000 Volts How to do this?? ? Would need 10,000,000,000,000 AA batteries 5 x 10**11 m = 3 x Earth’s orbit radius around Sun

55. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0855 How to reach LHC energies? We need 7000,000,000,000 Volts How to do this?? ? Would need 10,000,000,000,000 AA batteries 5 x 10**11 m = 3 x Earth’s orbit radius around Sun $30,000,000,000,000 – discount for bulk buy?!

56. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0856 Accelerating Technology Batteries have too low voltage per metre: 1.5 Volts per 5 cm = 30 Volts / m (‘gradient’)

57. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0857 Accelerating Technology Batteries have too low voltage per metre: 1.5 Volts per 5 cm = 30 Volts / m (‘gradient’) Forefront accelerating gradients ~ 30 MILLION Volts / m Hence largest accelerator (LHC) is **ONLY** 27 km long!

58. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0858 Accelerating Technology Batteries have too low voltage per metre: 1.5 Volts per 5 cm = 30 Volts / m (‘gradient’) Forefront accelerating gradients ~ 30 MILLION Volts / m Hence largest accelerator (LHC) is **ONLY** 27 km long! Accelerate using radio-frequency EM waves launched into metal cavities … Protons gain energy by ‘surfing’ the waves

59. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0859 Niobium Accelerating Structures

60. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0860 Human surfer

61. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0861 Subatomic surfer + - + Electro- magnetic wave E

62. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0862 Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

63. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0863 More about LHC 27km tunnel is 50 – 150 m below ground

64. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0864 More about LHC 27km tunnel is 50 – 150 m below ground Two beams of protons circulating in opposite directions Beams controlled by 1800 superconducting magnets (8 T)

65. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0865 More about LHC 27km tunnel is 50 – 150 m below ground Two beams of protons circulating in opposite directions Beams controlled by 1800 superconducting magnets (8 T) Each beam contains 3000 ‘bunches’ of protons Each bunch contains 200 billion protons

66. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0866 More about LHC 27km tunnel is 50 – 150 m below ground Two beams of protons circulating in opposite directions Beams controlled by 1800 superconducting magnets (8 T) Each beam contains 3000 ‘bunches’ of protons Each bunch contains 200 billion protons 600 million proton-proton collisions per second

67. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0867 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Will give us a first look at new physics landscape. Panoramic view, but with low resolution: ‘broad-band’ survey: A precision microscope (‘narrow-band’ instrument) is needed to illuminate the features in the new landscape …

68. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0868 International Linear Collider 31 km

69. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0869 Linear Colliders for electrons + positrons Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (California)

70. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0870 Accelerators Worldwide High-energy accelerators 120 Synchrotron radiation X-ray sources100

71. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0871 Diamond: synchrotron source of X-rays

72. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0872 Accelerators Worldwide High-energy accelerators 120 Synchrotron radiation X-ray sources 100 Radiotherapy7700 Biomedical research 1000

73. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0873 Clatterbridge: cancer treatment w protons

74. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0874 Accelerators Worldwide High-energy accelerators 120 Synchrotron radiation X-ray sources 100 Radiotherapy7700 Biomedical research 1000 Industrial processing1500 Ion implanters, surface modification7000 Total 17,500

75. Philip Burrows Otago University, Dunedin 13/10/0875 Large Hadron Collider (LHC)