1. Flies, gnats, mosquitos…
ORDER DIPTERA
Flies, gnats, mosquitos…

2. DIPTERA Di: two Ptera: wings Complete development Chewing (larva)
Sponging or piercing sucking (adult)

3. DIPTERA
WINGS: 1 pair Front: membranous Back: stubs

4. LEAFMINER
HOSTS
Oak, holly, boxwood, juniper, pine…

5. LEAFMINER (Page 166)
HOSTS
Oak, holly, boxwood, juniper, pine…

6. LEAFMINER DAMAGE Blotch or tunnel in foliage Leaf drop in late summer
Mainly visual

7. LEAFMINER
Several hundred species of foliage miners that can be moths, beetles, flies or sawflies
Larva: 1/8" maggot
Adult: 1/8" mosquito-like

8. LEAFMINER
CONTROL
Healthy plants tolerate
Resistant cultivars

9. FUNGAL GNAT One generation per month
Attracted to moist shade and organic matter

10. FUNGAL GNAT HOST General feeder More severe in greenhouse potting soil
Many feed on organic matter
More severe in greenhouse potting soil
Potting soil sterile

11. FUNGAL GNAT
DAMAGE
Larva strips roots
Loss vigor, wilting

12. FUNGAL GNAT
Severe on propagated cuttings
Limited roots

13. FUNGAL GNAT CONTROL Clean up debris Yellow sticky cards for adults
Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, (Gnatrol)
Drench soil with insecticide
Predatory nematodes

15. Grasshoppers, crickets, mantids…
ORDER ORTHOPTERA
Grasshoppers, crickets, mantids…

16. ORTHOPTERA
Orthos: straight
Ptera: wings
Incomplete
Chewing mouthparts

17. MOLE CRICKET Southern: carnivore (4 dots)
Tawny: herbivore (plant pest)
Introduced species are problem
Native species not so much

18. MOLE CRICKET
HOSTS: Turfgrass
Bermudagrass
Centipdedgrass

19. MOLE CRICKET DAMAGE Eat roots and shoots at night Disruptive tunnels
Predatory damage

20. MOLE CRICKET
SAMPLING
Disclosing solution

21. MOLE CRICKET CONTROL Mostly insecticidal Biocontrol Nematodes
Parasitic wasp

22. Order THYSANOPTERA
Thrips

23. THYSANOPTERA
Thysanos: tassel Ptera: wings Incomplete Rasping-sucking mouthparts Narrow, fringed wings (nymph wingless) Can transmit diseases Several generations / year

24. THRIPS (156) HOSTS Flower thrips: flowers and buds
Greenhouse thrips: feed openly on foliage

25. PREDATORY THRIP

26. THRIPS (139) DAMAGE Mostly harmless to woody plants
Stippling and bleaching foliage
Dead spots on leaves
Tar spots underside of leaves

27. THRIPS (139)

29. THRIPS (139)

30. THRIPS (139) MONITOR Branch beating (paper)
Sticky traps: blue for western flower thrip, yellow for other species

31. THRIPS (139) CONTROL Maintain plant health to tolerate Soap and Oil
Predatory wasp release in greenhouse

32. Chilli Thrips-Adult
In this slide you can see the dark transverse bands across the abdomen of an adult. This is a more typical photo of an adult because you can also see the dark wings that make it appear as if the adult has a dark stripe down its back.

33. 1st Instar Larva

34. Chilli Thrips 2nd Instar Larva
Reference

35. Scouting

36. Chilli Thrips - rose

37. Ligustrum

38. Pittosporum

39. Ligustrum

40. Chilli Thrips-Schefflera

41. Why Biological Control?
Thrips control impacted implementation of IPM programs in many ornamental crop systems.
Chemical control in the landscape is
NOT SUSTAINABLE

42. Franklinothrips vespiformis
Adult

43. Franklinothrips vespiformis
Nymph

48. CLASS ARACHNIDA
Spider mite

49. SPIDER MITES
Incomplete Piercing-sucking No wings

50. SPIDER MITES Microscopic
Red southern (red), two-spotted (clear with 2 black spots)
Can complete generation in 2 weeks

51. SPIDER MITES
HOSTS
Herbaceous plants, fatsia, butterfly bush, conifers…
Foliage, fruit, and flowers
Feed on lower surface

52. SPIDER MITES DAMAGE Stippling and bleaching
Webbing when populations high
No tar spots

67. SPIDER MITES MONITORING Look on underside of leaf
Branch beat over paper

68. SPIDER MITES CONTROL Miticide Oil and soaps
Predaceous spider mites release

69. Koppert Biocontrol
Sachet of predatory mites
Slow release