2.  Rational  Philosophes  Popular Sovereignty  Enlightened despotism  Enlightenment  Denis Diderot  Baron de Montesquieu  Voltaire  Rousseau  Mary Wollstonecraft  Federal System of government  Executive  Legislative  Judicial  Stamp Act  King George III  Lord North

3.  Patriots  Loyalists  Thomas Jefferson  George Washington  Benjamin Franklin  Articles of Confederation  Bill of Rights

7.  Economic Improvement  Political Reform  Movement of People and Ideas  Advocated: Agricultural improvement, commercial society, expanding consumption, challenge traditional social and economic practices  Influenced: Scientific Revolution and Traditional intellectual and theological authority.

8.  Newton-law of universal gravitation  Nature was rational-society too should be  Study nature directly-w/o metaphysics  John Locke-Tabula Rasa-Experience shapes character  Print Culture-books, journals, newspapers  Urban centers  Secular-novels  Coffeehouses  Public opinion  High and Low literary culture

9.  Rules of reason, criticism, and common sense  Writers and critics  Challenged aristocratic privilege  Reform religion, political thought, society, government, and economy-Human Liberty

10.  Church hindered the pursuit of a rational life  Church and Old Regime  Deism:  Religion and Reason-nature is rational  God-is rational  Life after death

11.  Attacked religious persecution and advocated toleration  Candide  “Crush the Infamous Thing”

12.  Wealth of Nations  Economic Liberty  Encourage economic growth-interests  Laissez-faire-limit role of gov’t.  Four stage theory:  Hunting and gathering  Herding  Agricultural  Commercial

13.  People to be prosperous  Rousseau-good, even though poor

15.  Social Contract  “All men are born free, but everywhere in chains”.  Independent individuals-NEGATIVE!!!  Personal freedom-loyal member in society  Freedom-obedience to law  Democratic participation  Being Good

16.  Hated the world and society  Challenged the social fabric-material and intellectual progress  What constitutes the good life?  Personal freedom and also being a part of society  Many questioned his critique of material world

18.  Encyclopedia-Denis Diderot  Advanced critical ideas-religion, government and philosophy  Secularize learning  Harnessing resources of the earth and in living at peace with one’s fellow humans.

21.  What is the Enlightenment?  Influenced….  Philosophers, etc…

22.  Spirit of Laws  Not one Political system  Monarchial government  Division of power  Checks and Balances

23.  Salons  Not feminists; Traditional roles  Montesquieu-Women are not naturally inferior  Rousseau-Educated for a position subordinate to men  Mary Wollstonecraft-A Vindication of the Rights of Women  Sensual slaves  Impede Progress of all Humanity

24.  Muhammad a false prophet  Muhammedanism-divine  Voltaire: Islam-fanatical  Many Europeans-empathetic and expressing fairness

25.  Spinoza  God is not a distinct personality- everything in universe  Organized religion led people away from scripture  Mendelssohn  Jewish Socrates  Modern Jew life  Judaism and Enlightenment Ideals  Religious toleration within and Society

27.  Prussia  Servant to the state  Protected nobles  Religious Toleration  Joseph II  Austria  Religious Toleration  Economic reform

28.  Russia  Power to the nobility  Economic growth  Territorial expansion

29.  Analyze the policies of Fredrick the Great and Joseph the II of Austria