1. The Physical Stimulus: Spatial pattern (This is a poorly-generated approximation to a sine wave)

2. The Physical Stimulus: Spatial pattern Why are we interested in the visual systems response to sine waves? When you know the response to individual sine waves you can, if the system is linear, determine the response to the complete pattern. Remember the Fourier analysis tutorial. We can think of the limbs of the letter E as being a square wave - and, as you know, this can be generated by adding together a series of sine waves.

3. photometer The Physical Stimulus: Spatial pattern

4. Position (contrast) N.B. The (spatial) frequency = 1/period For vision, this is measured in cycles per degree

5. Spatial (Threshold [foveal] Performance) 1 Modulation Spatial Frequency Visual Acuity. (100%) Pattern not seen Pattern seen (i.e.reciprocal contrast)

6. The following slide allows you to view your own contrast sensitivity function. Try viewing it at different distances, and youll see the appearance change. Also, you may see inconsistencies at the extreme right of the figure. This is termed aliasing and occurs because the pixel nature of the screen does not allow perfect reproduction of the picture.

7. Seeing your own CSF Contrast Spatial Frequency

8. The Measurement of Spatial (foveal) Visual Performance Contrast sensitivity is a relatively new way of assessing vision The more traditional way is to use an Optometrists test chart, which contains letters of different sizes.

9. H VF ETP NUFCOK UTFEVNP 60 36 24 12 6 Letter Size (explained on the next slide)

10. The Measurement of Spatial (foveal) Visual Performance. The letter size is specified by the distance at which the complete letter subtends 5 mins of arc. The detail subtends 1 min arc. 6 metres 12 metres

11. The Measurement of Spatial (foveal) Visual Performance 6 6 Vision - the ability to read the 6 metre letter at a distance of 6 metres (USA - 20 feet) hence 20 20 1 minute of arc Minimum angle of resolution (MAR) here is 1 minute of arc

12. The Measurement of Spatial (foveal) Visual Performance 1 minute of arc Minimum angle of resolution (MAR) here is 1 minute of arc logarithm A recent development is to use as a metric the logarithm of this angle - logMAR scale (Bailey and Lovie) 6/6 = 1 minute arc => log 1 = 0 6/12 = 2 minutes arc => log 2 = 0.3 6/60 = 10 minutes arc => log 10 = 1 Measured this way, the logMAR scale is, arguably, at an interval level - hence one can perform parametric statistical analysis on data obtained using this test.

13. H V F E T P N U F C O K F V U P L N P N P U L B E V 123456123456 The following are letter charts which have decreasing contrast.

14. E H F E T P N U F C O K P L N F V U L L B E V N P U 123456123456

15. P H E V E T P N U F C O K E V U T F N P E V N L B P U 123456123456

16. P H E V E T P N U F C O K E V U T F N P E V N L B P U 123456123456 This is a high-contrast version of the previous chart.

17. Compare: E Letter Size Spatial Frequency smaller higher

18. The Optometrists chart will generally only contain high-contrast letters. These provide maximum acuity. As you will see from the following graph, one would predict that lower contrast letters would produce a lesser visual performance.

19. Spatial Frequency 100% Pattern not seen Pattern seen Contrast Cut-off 10% 1% 0.1% Contrast Sensitivity