1. Geographical Positions

2. What are maps? Maps are pictures or graphical representations of all or a part of the Earth’s surface and its features. Examples of maps: Atlas World map Street directory Dot maps Isobars, Isotherms, contour maps, etc

3. The First Maps This is a map, dating from 1513, which was made by a man named Piri Ibn Haji Memmed, otherwise known as Piri Re'is. This man was an Admiral in the Turkish navy. Today we only have a fragment of the original map.

4. Piri Rei’s Claim Piri Re'is made a number of very interesting claims about this map: He claimed it was made from approximately 20 original source maps. He claimed the western portion of the map was obtained from Christopher Columbus He claimed some of the source maps were dated from the time of Alexander the Great. He claimed some of the maps were based upon mathematics.

5. Different Types of maps Dot Density: The features of a polygon theme are displayed with a number of dots corresponding to a value. This method is good for showing how particular things are distributed throughout an area. For instance, a dot map depicting population will most likely have the strongest concentrations of dots along rivers and near coastlines.

6. Different Types of maps Planimetric maps are simple maps that do not attempt to show the relief features in measurable form. They may be base maps with shorelines and boundaries, plus certain basic geographic features such as rivers, roads, administrative zones, and other information. Or they can be cadastral maps with the location of property-ownership lines.

7. Different Types of maps Topographic maps are maps that show the shape and elevation of terrain. They have many uses, such as designing gardens and parks, building roads and pipes, planing hiking routes, and so on. Flood control maps and engineering maps (sometimes called plans) are examples of topographic maps.

8. Different Types of maps Remotely sensed images are geographic information gathered by means of a sensor. The common remote sensing images include aerial photographs, radar images, and satellite images. These images are important sources for producing digital maps and are useful for monitoring environmental changes and human activities. Singapore map

9. Names of Features Scale Symbols and Legends Directional Indicator Grid Lines Title Names of Features Scale Names of Features Scale Next

10. Title The title of the map states what the map shows It usually appears on top of the map On topographical maps, the title is usually the name of the largest settlement on the map Back

11. Name of Features Features include: –Roads –Settlements –Rivers Naming them helps us to identify these features. Back

12. Scale The scale shows the size of the map as compared to the actual size of the area that the map represents. Purpose: –Allows the user to calculate exactly how big or small a features is on the earth’s surface. Back

13. Grid Lines Grid lines are a series of numbered vertical lines drawn on a map. They are used to locate features on a map. Back

14. Directional Indicator It show where –North –South –East –West lies North (Never) East (Eat) South (Sour) West (Watermelon) Back

15. Symbols and Legends Symbols are used to represent the different physical or man-made features found on the surface of the Earth. Symbols are used because it is possible to fit a lot of information into a small space. Legend lists all the symbols used in the map and explains what each of them mean or represent. Back

16. Measuring Distance A scale can be shown on a map in 3 ways: –As a statement –As a representative or fraction –As a line or linear scale 1 cm represents 2 km 1:200000

17. Measuring Distance (cont) Measuring a straight line: –Use a ruler to measure the length between two points. –Use the scale of the map to find out the actual distance on the ground. Eg if the scale of the map is 1:10000, then a length of 1cm on the map is equivalent to 10000cm(0.1km / 100 metres)

18. Measuring Distance (cont) Measuring distance along a curve –Place one end of the string at the starting point. Hold this end down firmly with your finger. –Use the string to follow the path with your fingers slowly. –When you reach the end, use a pencil to mark the string. –Remove the string and measure the distance against a ruler. –Use the scale to convert the length to actual distance on the ground.

19. Finding Location Latitude (parallels) –Imaginary horizontal lines running in an east-west direction around the world –Numbered from 0  to 90°N and 90°S

21. Finding Location (cont) Longitude (meridians) –Imaginary lines that run in a north-south direction from North Pole to South Pole –Numbered from 0° at Greenwich to 180°E and 180°W –Longitude 180°E and 180°W are the same line.

23. Finding Location Latitudes and Longitudes –Latitudes and longitudes are imaginary lines which cannot be seen on the actual surface of the Earth –Expressed as degrees of a circle measured from the centre of the Earth –Measured in degrees(°), minutes(‘) and seconds(“) –1° = 60’ –1’ = 60” –Latitude is always read 1 st before longitude. Eg. Singapore is located at 1°17’N 103°51’E

24. Use of Latitude and Longitude 30°N 10°E

25. Finding location using a grid reference There are basically 2 types of grid references –Four figure grid references –Six figure grid references

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27. Finding Direction Cardinal Points are points marked on a compass. Besides the basic North, South, East, West, there are additional points marked North East, South East, South West, North West.

28. Finding direction using cardinal points. Find the direction of X from Y –Draw a line joining the two places or feature –At X, Draw a vertical line that is parallel to the eastings of the map. This line indicates North –Look at X and use one of the cardinal points to describe the position of Y from X.

29. Bearings Measure the bearing of B from A –Draw a line to join the two points –Place the protractor at A. The 0° on the protractor must point to North –The point on the outer edge of the protractor where the line joining A and B crosses show the bearing of B from point A.

30. Using Contours to represent relief A contour is an imaginary line joining places of the same height above sea level Besides showing us the height, contours also tell us about the –Shape –Slope

31. Using Contours to represent relief Some points to remember about contours: –Contour lines that are close together denote steep slopes. –Contour lines that are far apart indicate gentle slopes. –When there are no contours, it means that the land is almost flat.

33. Contour Patterns and Physical Features Contours joined in a circular form, with contour lines increasing in height towards the centre can indicate a hill or a mountain.

35. Contour Patterns and Physical Features(cont) A ridge is a linear or elongated upland area.

36. Contour Patterns and Physical Features(cont) A plateau is similar to a ridge but it has a steep slope and flat summit.

37. Contour Patterns and Physical Features(cont) A valley’s contours point towards higher ground forming an inverted ‘V’

39. Gradient The gradient of a feature refers to the steepness of the slope of that feature. Usually expressed as a ratio between vertical distance risen in relation to horizontal distance covered. Gradient= Vertical Distance Horizontal Distance

40. Gradient Of AB = Vertical Distance = 20 m 10000 m = 1 500 1:500 Both values in same units, Make numerator 1

41. Drawing a cross-section Draw a line joining the two points On a sheet of paper, draw 2 axes Label the height of the contour on the y-axis Place the piece of paper below and from the left, drop a perpendicular line from where each contour line cuts its corresponding height Draw horizontal lines for all contour Join the points together to make a smooth and even outline