1. Introduction to animals
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2. Traits
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3. Characteristics of Animals
All multicellular (metazoans)
Eukaryotes (cells with nucleus & organelles)
Ingestive heterotrophs (take in food and internally digest it)
Store food reserves as glycogen
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4. Support Systems Have some type of skeletal support
Endoskeleton inside and made of cartilage &/or bone(Vertebrates)
Exoskeletons found in arthropods
Cover the outside of the body
Limit size
Must be molted making animal vulnerable to predators
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5. Cicada Molting Exoskeleton
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6. Support Systems
Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them support
Called hydrostatic skeletons
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7. Movement
Animals such as sponges may be sessile (attached & non-moving)
Animals that move very little are said to be sedentary (clam)
Animals that can move are motile
Have muscular tissue to provide energy for movement
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8. SESSILE
SEDENTARY
Chiton
Sponge
MOTILE
Cheetah
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9. Reproduction in Animals
All animals are capable of sexual reproduction
Some animals like sponges and earthworms are hermaphrodites producing both eggs and sperm
Hermaphrodites may exchange sperm and NOT fertilize their own eggs
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10. Reproduction in Animals
Females of some animals produce eggs, but the eggs develop without being fertilized
Called Parthenogenesis
New offspring will be all female Parthenogenesis occurs in some fishes, several kinds of insects, and a few species of frogs and lizards
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11. Parthenogenesis in the Komodo Dragon
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12. Levels of Organization
Sponges are the ONLY animals that have just the cellular level
All other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and system
Cells may specialize (take own different shapes and functions)
Cells are held together by cell junctions to form tissues
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13. Levels of Organization
Molecule or compound
Atom
Organelle
Levels of Organization
CELL
Life begins
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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14. Invertebrate groups
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15. Characteristics of Invertebrates
Simplest animals
Contain the greatest number of different species (2 million)
Most are aquatic (found in water)
Do NOT have a backbone
Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms
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16. Sponge - Porifera
Osculum of Sponge
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17. Sea Anemone - Cnidaria
Tentacles of Sea Anemone
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18. More Cnidarians
Brain Coral
Red jellyfish
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19. Flatworms - Platyhelminthes
Marine Flatworm
Planarian
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20. Roundworms (Nematoda) and Segmented Worms (Annelida)
Nematode
Leech (segmented worm)
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21. Mollusca (With and Without Shells)
snail
scallop
octopus
nudibranch
nautilus
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22. Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, horseshoe crab)
crayfish
Horseshoe crab
Dung beetle
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23. Echinoderms starfish Sea fan (crinoid) Brittle star Sand dollar
Sea cucumber
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24. Vertebrate Groups
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25. Vertebrata More complex animals (58,000 species)
Most have a backbone made up of individual bones called vertebrae
From simplest to most complex, the phylum includes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
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26. Vertebrate Backbone
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27. Vertebrata Vertebrates have endoskeletons (internal)
Some vertebrates have skeletons of cartilage (sharks, rays, and skates)
Other vertebrates have skeletons of bone and cartilage (reptiles, birds, & mammals)
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28. Fish
lancelet
ray
damselfish
anglerfish
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29. Amphibia
salamander
toad
frog
newt
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30. Reptilia
Turtle
Snake
Lizard
Alligator
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31. Birds - Aves
hummingbird
ostrich
lovebirds
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32. Mammalia
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33. Body Areas
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34. Surfaces Dorsal – back or upper surface
Ventral – belly or lower surface
Anterior – head or front end
Posterior – tail or hind end opposite the head
Oral surface (echinoderms) – is where the mouth is located (underside)
Aboral surface (echinoderms) – is opposite the mouth (top side)
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35. Surfaces (Most Animals)
DORSAL
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
VENTRAL
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36. Surfaces (Echinoderms)
ORAL
ABORAL
mouth
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37. Symmetry
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38. Body Symmetry
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39. Body Symmetry
Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis
Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges)
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40. Body Symmetry
Radial symmetry occurs when body parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms)
Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary (move very little)
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42. Body Symmetry
Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane
Organisms will have right and left sides that are mirror images of each other
More complex type of symmetry
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43. Body Symmetry Animals with bilateral symmetry are usually motile
Animals have an anterior and posterior ends
Show cephalization (concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end)
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45. Segmentation
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46. Segmentation
Occurs whenever animal bodies are divided into repeating units or segments
Found in more complex animals
Earthworms show external segmentation
Humans show internal segmentation (backbone)
Segments may fuse (cephalothorax)
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47. Segmentation
cephalothorax
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48. Tissues
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49. Tissue Development Stage One
Cleavage- Zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell divisions called cleavage
Forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula
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50. Blastula
The blastocoel is the center cavity of the blastula with 1 germ layer (blastoderm)
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51. Tissue Development Stage 2-Gastrulation
The blastula INVAGINATES (folds inward at one point) forming a GASTRULA
The opening is called the blastopore
The center is the primitive gut or Archenteron
Archenteron
blastopore
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52. Tissue Development
Blastopore may become the mouth (Protostome) or anus (Deuterostome)
Protostomes (mollusks, arthropods, & annelids)
Deuterostomes (echinoderms & vertebrates)
Some animals form a middle germ layer called mesoderm
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53. Embryonic Development
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54. Germ Layers Form tissues, organs, & systems NOT present in sponges
Ectoderm (outer) – forms the outer layer of skin, nails, hair and the nervous system including sense organs.
Endoderm (inner) – lining of the urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. Also forms the pancreas liver, lungs and gills
Mesoderm (middle) – forms skeleton, muscles, circulatory system & other systems
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55. Body Layers (Germ Layers)
Sponges have NO tissues or organs, only specialized cells
Cnidarians like jellyfish & coral have only two body layers(Endo and Ecto). One body opening (mouth/anus) called gastrovascular cavity
Cnidarians have outer epidermis & inner gastrodermis with jelly-like mesoglea between the layers
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56. Body Layers (Germ Layers)
All worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and vertebrates have three cell layers
Ectoderm
Endoderm
mesoderm
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57. Protostomes “First Mouth”
Types of development of embryos in animals with a coelom
the blastopore develops into a mouth, and a second opening forms at the other end of the archenteron, forming an anus.
Undergo spiral cleavage
process of coelom formation is called schizocoely or “split body cavity.”
mollusks, arthropods, & annelids

58. Deuterostomes “Second Mouth”
Types of development of embryo in animals with a coelom
the blastopore develops into an anus, and a second opening at the other end of the archenteron becomes the mouth.
Undergo radial cleavage
This process of coelom formation is called enterocoely which means “gut body cavity.”
echinoderms & vertebrates

59. Embryonic Cleavage
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60. Cleavage Cleavage – rapid mitosis (cell division) of zygote
Radial Cleavage – cells divide parallel or perpendicular to axis to each other
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61. Cleavage
Spiral Cleavage – cellular divisions occur diagonally, in a twisting pattern
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63. Body Cavities
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64. Coelom - Body Cavity Internal body cavity fully lined with mesoderm
Body organs suspended in this cavity
Mollusks, annelids, arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms are coelomates
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65. Coelom - Body Cavity
Acoelomate animals have solid bodies filled with cells and tissues
Acoelomate animals include sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms
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66. Coelom - Body Cavity
Pseudocoelomate animals (roundworms) have a functional body cavity NOT fully lined with mesoderm
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