1. Water Chapter 11

2. Water Resources  Two types of water  Fresh (3%)  77% in icecaps and glaciers  22% ground water  1% other  Salt (97%)  Two types of water  Fresh (3%)  77% in icecaps and glaciers  22% ground water  1% other  Salt (97%)

3. Water Cycle  Water travels between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere  Evaporation  Precipitation  Condensation  Water travels between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere  Evaporation  Precipitation  Condensation

5. Surface Water  Fresh water on the Earth’s land surface  Found in lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands  Most cities depend on surface water for their water supplies for drinking water, crop irrigation, food, power and transportation  Fresh water on the Earth’s land surface  Found in lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands  Most cities depend on surface water for their water supplies for drinking water, crop irrigation, food, power and transportation

7. Surface Water  River System: as streams and rivers move across the land, they form a flowing network of water  Streams flow downhill into river, the more streams the bigger the river  Examples include the Nile, Amazon (biggest in the world, and the Mississippi)  River System: as streams and rivers move across the land, they form a flowing network of water  Streams flow downhill into river, the more streams the bigger the river  Examples include the Nile, Amazon (biggest in the world, and the Mississippi)

8. Nile River, Egypt

9. Surface Water  Watersheds: the area of land that is drained by a river  Pollution anywhere in a watershed may end up polluting the river  Mississippi watershed drains more than 30 states, covers more than 40% of the U.S. continental land area  What tributary in our community flows into the Mississippi?  Watersheds: the area of land that is drained by a river  Pollution anywhere in a watershed may end up polluting the river  Mississippi watershed drains more than 30 states, covers more than 40% of the U.S. continental land area  What tributary in our community flows into the Mississippi?

13. Surface Water  Groundwater: water stored beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and rock formations  Aquifers: an underground formation that contains groundwater  Water table forms the upper boundary of an aquifer  Water table is the level at which soil and rocks are saturated  Rock, sand and gravel act as a sponge  Groundwater: water stored beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and rock formations  Aquifers: an underground formation that contains groundwater  Water table forms the upper boundary of an aquifer  Water table is the level at which soil and rocks are saturated  Rock, sand and gravel act as a sponge

16. Surface Water  Porosity and permeability  Porosity - the amount of space between the particles that make up a rock  The more porous the rock the more water it can hold  Permeability - ability of a rock or soil to allow water to flow through it.  Examples are sandstone, limestone or layers of sand or rock  Porosity and permeability  Porosity - the amount of space between the particles that make up a rock  The more porous the rock the more water it can hold  Permeability - ability of a rock or soil to allow water to flow through it.  Examples are sandstone, limestone or layers of sand or rock

17. Surface Water  Wells: a hole dug or drilled to find water  Drilled/dug below the water table because it can fluctuate depending on the season  Recharge zone: the area of the Earth’s surface where water percolates down into the aquifer  Affected by amount of permeable material  Environmental fragile due to pollution  Wells: a hole dug or drilled to find water  Drilled/dug below the water table because it can fluctuate depending on the season  Recharge zone: the area of the Earth’s surface where water percolates down into the aquifer  Affected by amount of permeable material  Environmental fragile due to pollution

19. Water Use and Management  What are ways in which we use water on a daily basis?  How much water do you use on a daily basis?  What are ways in which we use water on a daily basis?  How much water do you use on a daily basis?

20. Global Water Use  Three major uses of water: residential, agricultural (the most used), and industrial  The most common being agricultural, and least common is residential  80% of water use in Asia is agricultural  Europe and North America use the most industrial water  Three major uses of water: residential, agricultural (the most used), and industrial  The most common being agricultural, and least common is residential  80% of water use in Asia is agricultural  Europe and North America use the most industrial water

21. Graph of Global Water Use

22. Residential Use of Water  In U.S. an average American uses 300L (80 gal) of water a day, while in India an average person uses 41L a day

23. Water Treatment  Most water has to be treated in order to be safe to drink or use (potable)  Removal of such things as mercury, arsenic, lead and pathogens (found in water from sewage

25. Industrial Water Use  Accounts for about 19% of all water in the world  Used to manufacture goods, dispose of waste and generate power.  100,000L of water needed to build a car  Most of water is used to cool power plants  Accounts for about 19% of all water in the world  Used to manufacture goods, dispose of waste and generate power.  100,000L of water needed to build a car  Most of water is used to cool power plants

26. Agricultural Water Use  67% of the water used in the world  Irrigation: a method of providing plants with water from sources other than direct precipitation  High pressure overhead sprinklers are most common form of irrigation  67% of the water used in the world  Irrigation: a method of providing plants with water from sources other than direct precipitation  High pressure overhead sprinklers are most common form of irrigation

27. Water Management Projects  From ancient times humans have tried to manage water and it flow.  Aqueducts: Romans  Dams  Water diversion canals  From ancient times humans have tried to manage water and it flow.  Aqueducts: Romans  Dams  Water diversion canals

29. Water Diversion Projects  To supply dry regions with water, all or part of a rive can be diverted into canals that carry water across great distances  Owens River provides drinking water to L.A.  Colorado River: supplies water to seven Western states and often goes dry  To supply dry regions with water, all or part of a rive can be diverted into canals that carry water across great distances  Owens River provides drinking water to L.A.  Colorado River: supplies water to seven Western states and often goes dry

30. Los Angeles Aqueducts

31. Dams and Reservoirs  Dam: a structure built across a river to control the river’s flow.  Reservoir: an artificial lake formed when a dam is built  Dams are often used to generate power  Dams can have many negative consequences.  Dam: a structure built across a river to control the river’s flow.  Reservoir: an artificial lake formed when a dam is built  Dams are often used to generate power  Dams can have many negative consequences.

33. Water Conservation  In Agriculture: drip irrigation system deliver small amounts of water directly to plant roots by using perforated tubing.  Water is released to plants as needed and at a controlled rate

34. Water Conservation  In Industry: most widely used water conservation practices involve the recycling of cooling water and wastewater  Tax breaks, payments to businesses for using conservation methods  In Industry: most widely used water conservation practices involve the recycling of cooling water and wastewater  Tax breaks, payments to businesses for using conservation methods

35. Water Conservation  In the Home  Short showers  Low flow shower head, toilets, aerators  Don’t run the water while brushing your teeth or shaving  Only wash full loads in dishwasher and washing machine  Water lawn sparingly or at night  In the Home  Short showers  Low flow shower head, toilets, aerators  Don’t run the water while brushing your teeth or shaving  Only wash full loads in dishwasher and washing machine  Water lawn sparingly or at night

36. Solutions for the Future  Desalination: the process of removing salt from salt water  Transporting water:  Greek islands  Water from Alaska  Icebergs  Desalination: the process of removing salt from salt water  Transporting water:  Greek islands  Water from Alaska  Icebergs