1. Europe and the New World:
Chapter 14
Europe and the New World:
New Encounters,

2. A 1536 Mercator projection map showing the route of Ferdinand Magellan’s first circumnavigation of the world.
p. 413

3. On the Brink of a New World
Motives and Means
Catholic Europe had been largely confined to the continent (exception of the Crusades, which failed)
The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)-Fantastic lands of legend and myth
Access to the East
The Polos-Popularized China in Europe through descriptions of Kublai Khan and Mongol courts
Economic Motives-Primary motive for European exploration
Religious Zeal-Particularly strong motivation for Portugal and Spain
Centralized Monarchies
Ptolemy’s Geography (1477)
Development of seaworthy ships and new navigational techniques
Old techniques, such as using the Pole Star to determine position was useless below the equator
John Mandeville: Spoke of “other worlds” filled with precious stones and gold, realms of giants and evil women.
Access to the East: Mongol conquests of Central Asia in the 13th century had reopened routes blockaded by the Muslims.
Econ. Motives: Merchants, adventurers, and government officials held ambitious hopes of locating new areas of trade, especially in the spice market.

4. Ptolemy’s World Map.
Contained in the Latin translation of Ptolemy’s Geography was this world map, which did not become available to Europeans until the late fifteenth century. Scholars quickly accepted it as the most accurate map of its time. The twelve ‘‘wind faces,’’ meant to show wind currents around the earth, were a fifteenth-century addition to the ancient map.
p. 416

5. Portuguese Exploration
Portuguese fleets had begun sailing south along the western coast of Africa in early 15th century
In search of commerce and trade
Precious metals and goods such as gold and ivory from parts of Morocco and the “Gold Coast”
1440s-Portuguese begin profiting from the selling of African slaves through their maritime exploration

6. New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish Empires
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460)
Established first school for mariners in Portugal
The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire
Bartholomeu Dias
Vasco da Gama
Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope
Direct voyage from Europe to India
Viceroys
Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1462 – 1515)
Commercial – Military bases
Reasons for Portuguese Success
Able to defeat Muslim opposition and control trade with India (Accomplished this with arms and technique)

7. Destruction of Muslims at Malacca
Encompassing and controlling Malacca and the Malay peninsula meant:
Destroying Arab spice trade
Providing a way station on route to the Spice Islands and China

8. Map 14.1: Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries.
Desire for wealth was the main motivation of the early explorers, though spreading Christianity was also an important factor. Portugal under Prince Henry the Navigator initiated the first voyages in the early fifteenth century; Spain’s explorations began at the century’s end.
Q Which regions of the globe were primarily explored by Portugal, and which were the main focus of Spain’s voyages?
Map 14-1, p. 417

9. Images of Everyday Life: Spices and World Trade.

10. Images of Everyday Life: Spices and World Trade.

11. Voyages of the New World
Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506)
Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492)
Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502)
Additional Discoveries
John Cabot-Venetian that sailed for England
Pedro Cabral-Discovered South America in 1500
Amerigo Vespucci- America=New Lands
Nun˜ez de Balboa
Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 1521)
First known circumnavigation of the earth
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)-divided the New World between Spain and Portugal

12. Christopher Columbus.
Columbus was an Italian explorer who worked for the queen of Spain. He has become a symbol for two entirely different perspectives. To some, he was a great and heroic explorer who discovered the New World; to others, especially in Latin America, he was responsible for beginning a process of invasion that led to the destruction of an entire way of life. Because Columbus was never painted during his lifetime, the numerous portraits of him are more fanciful than accurate. The portrait shown here was probably done by the Italian painter Ridolfo Ghirlandaio.
p. 420

13. The Spanish Empire in the New World
Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica
The Maya (civilization of sophistication)
The Aztec were the prominent rulers of much of Mexico at the time of Euro exploration
The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547)
Best exemplifies Spanish exploration and expansion of the New World
Moctezuma (Montezuma)
Aztec Empire overthrownby Cortez
Capital city (Tenochtitlan) located in Central Mexixo

14. The Maya.
p. 421

15. The Aztecs.
p. 422

16. The Spanish Empire (Cont)
The Inca (Ruler) and the Spanish
Pachakuti-Inca leader (Led campaign bringing entire region under control)
Inca buildings and roads
Francisco Pizarro (c – 1541)
Conquered and plundered Inca empire in 1531
Smallpox- European disease contributing to high mortality rates among natives of the New World
Incas overthrown (1535)- Pizzaro establishes new Spanish Empire at the capital city of Lima
No immunity for epidemic
Death of the emperor
Civil war between two sons of the Inca Emperor
Incan soldiers outmatched
Armed with stones, arrows, and light spears

17. The Spanish Empire (Cont)
Administration of the Spanish Empire
Queen Isabella proclaimed the natives to be subjects of Castile
Encomienda- Social and Economic System under Castile
Conquistadors collected tribute from the natives and used their labor
Spaniards abused Indians, ignoring their government
Put to work on plantations and in gold and silver mines
Bartolome de Las Casas was a major public critic of Spanish treatment of the Indians
Viceroys
Ruled over New Spain and Peru
The Church
Catholic Monarchs of Spain given extensive rights of Holy affairs in the New World

18. Slaughter of the Natives.
Fearful of growing Aztec resistance, the Spaniards responded by slaughtering many natives. This sixteenth-century watercolor by an unknown artist shows the massacre of the Cholula people, carried out on the orders of Cortés. The Cholula had refused to provide supplies to the forces of a Spanish expedition.
p. 422

19. Chronology, p. 424

20. The Inca.
p. 424

21. New Rivals Dutch, French, and English Dutch East India Company 1602
Established a settlement at the Cape of Good Hope
Trade in slaves increases with European exploration and settlement
Most Africans taken from coastal areas and shipped to plantations in the NW (Middle East and Europe previously)
Discovery of the Americas changed the slave trade drastically

22. Africa: The Slave Trade
Sugar Cane and slavery
European diseases set an early expiration date for many Indians
Plantations needed more labor than natives could supply
Growth in the Slave Trade
Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
New Atlantic Economy represented by Triangular Trade
European Merchants from England, France, Spain, Portugal, and the Dutch Republic
Facilitated trade between European, African, and American continents

23. The Slave Trade (cont) Each cargo contained around 300-450
Rate of death could exceed 10% on longer journeys due to adverse conditions
Suffering endured for Africans who survived the middle passage as they had little or no immunity to NW sicknesses

24. Effects of the Slave Trade
The Slave Trade increased war and violence in Africa among natives
Prisoners of War
Crippled African economies
Depopulation of African communities
Demoralization

25. Conflicting Views of Slavery
Western society tended to accept slavery
Blacks viewed as inferior beings meant for dull labor
Beginning in the 1770s the Society of Friends (Quakers) publicly abhorred slavery

26. Map 14.2: Triangular Trade Route in the Atlantic Economy.
As the trade in slaves grew, it became a part of the triangular trade route that characterized the Atlantic economy, involving the exchange of goods and slaves between the western coast of Europe, the slave depots on the African coast, and the ports of North and South America.
Q What were the important source regions for slaves, and where were most of the slaves taken?
Map 14-2, p. 427

27. The West in Southeast Asia
Portugal
Too weak at home to dominate empire abroad
Spain
Established Pacific base in the Philippines
The Dutch and the English
Dutch seize the spice trade, in SE Asia, from Portugal in the early 17th century
Dutch bring most of Indonesia under its control by the end of the 18th century

28. The West in Southeast Asia (cont)
Mainland SE Asia was not impacted as much by European arrival
More success in resisting European intrusion because they had strong monarchies and were more politically cohesive
Cooperation helped states drive Europeans out
Local Kingdoms (Burma/Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Angkor (Cambodia), and Vietnam)

30. Southeast Asia, c
p. 429

31. Europe in Asia.
As Europeans began to move into parts of Asia, they reproduced many of the physical surroundings of their homeland in the port cities they built there. This is evident in comparing these two scenes. Below is a seventeenth-century view of Batavia, which the Dutch built as their headquarters on the northern coast of Java in The scene at the right is from a sixteenth-century engraving of Amsterdam. This Dutch city had become the financial and commercial capital of Europe. It was also the chief port for the ships of the Dutch East India Company, which brought the spices of the East to Europe.
p. 430

32. Europe in Asia.
As Europeans began to move into parts of Asia, they reproduced many of the physical surroundings of their homeland in the port cities they built there. This is evident in comparing these two scenes. Below is a seventeenth-century view of Batavia, which the Dutch built as their headquarters on the northern coast of Java in The scene at the right is from a sixteenth-century engraving of Amsterdam. This Dutch city had become the financial and commercial capital of Europe. It was also the chief port for the ships of the Dutch East India Company, which brought the spices of the East to Europe.
p. 430

33. The French and the British in India
The Mughal Empire
Mongol in origin
Babur-Founder of dynasty
Akbar ( ) Grandson of Babur
Brought more systematic and centralized rule to India
Under Akbar and the Mughal Empire, India enjoyed economic progress and relative peace

34. The French and the British in India
The Impact of the Western Powers
Portugal-Original European power in India
England-Steady increase in British presence
French-Major western rival to the British in India
Sir Robert Clive
Thwarted the French threat in India
The East India Company
Company in which stakes can be bought and owned by shareholders
Local British population in India’s Fort William imprisoned in the black hole of Calcutta

35. The Mughal Empire.
p. 432

36. China China Limited Contact with Europeans
In 16th century Portugal became the first European state to make direct contact with China since the travels of M. Polo
Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644)
Qing Dynasty
Originated from Manchuria and replaced the Ming in the 17th century
Overthrow of the Ming created opportunity for Manchus who conquered Beijing and Li Zicheng
Limited Contact with Europeans
Lord Macartney compared the Chinese empire to “an old, crazy, first-rate man of war destined to be dashed to pieces on the shore”
Due to incompetent leadership

37. Japan Japan Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616)
Shogun, meaning general, achieved the unification of Japan
Most powerful and longest lasting of all Shogunates
Opening to the West
The Portuguese
Initially visitors welcomed
Catholic Missionaries
Interfered in local politics
Tokugawa Ieyasu expelled all missionaries in Japan and persecuted Christians

38. The Qing Empire.
p. 433

39. The Americas
The Spanish and Portuguese were challenged by European rivals
British and French found success in the W. Indies
North America
The Dutch settle the Hudson River Valley
The English
Jamestown (1607)-First permanent English settlement in N. America
The French
Canada- Jacques Cartier discovers St. Lawrence River in 1534 and claims Canada as a French possession

40. The West Indies.
p. 435

41. Chronology, p. 436

42. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered
Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africa
Less impact in Asia
China and Japan were two nations barely impacted by European power and influence
Multiracial society first appeared in Latin America
Catholic Missionaries
Conversion of native populations
Hospitals, orphanages and schools
The Jesuits
Allowed new converts to practice ancestor worship
Catholicism failed to disperse in China because of the opposition by the Pope to ancestor worship

43. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors
Europeans lusted for gold and silver
Opening of Potosi mines in Peru (1545) the value of precious metals imported into Europe quadrupled
Exchange of plants and animals
Columbian Exchange
European brought cattle, horses, and wheat to NW
Took potatoes, chocolate, corn, tobacco back to Europe
European rivalries
New views of the world
Gerardus Mercator’s (1512 – 1594) work is the most famous map projection in history
A Mercator projection shows the true shape of landmasses in a limited area

44. Map 14.3: The Columbian Exchange.
In addition to their diseases, which killed vast numbers of indigenous inhabitants of the Americas, Europeans transplanted many of their crops and domestic animals to the New World. Europeans also imported plants from the New World that increased food production and nutrition in Europe.
Q Where were the main source regions for native plants imported into Europe?
Map 14-3, p. 440

45. A Seventeenth-Century World Map.
This beautiful world map was prepared in 1630 by Henricus Hondius. The four portraits are of Caesar, the Roman statesman; Ptolemy, the second-century astronomer; Mercator, the Flemish cartographer whose map projection Hondius followed; and Hondius himself. By comparing this map with the map created by Ptolemy on p. 416, one can see how much Europeans had learned about the shape of the world by the seventeenth century.
p. 441

46. Toward a World Economy Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century
Inflation
Major economic problem in Europe; created price instability
Wages failed to keep up with price increases
Decline in the standard of living for working class
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism
Joint stock trading companies
Commercial organization benefitted commercial expansion
Individuals bought shares in companies and received dividends on their investments
Raise of spectacular sums of capital for world trading

47. Toward a World Economy
The financial center of Europe in the 17th century was Amsterdam
New industries tied to banking firms
Jacob Fugger was given a monopoly over silver, copper, and mercury mines in the Habsburg possessions of central Europe
These possessions produced profits of 50%, annually

48. Mercantilism Total volume of trade unchangeable
Economic activity = war through peaceful means
Importance of bullion (gold and silver) and favorable balance of trade
Exported goods more valuable than imported goods
State intervention
Governments should stimulate and protect export industries and trade

49. Jacob Fugger the Rich.
Jacob Fugger, head of one of the wealthiest banking firms of the sixteenth century, is pictured here with his faithful secretary, Matthaus Schwartz, who painted this scene in The cabinet in the background lists the names of the cities where Fugger’s firm had branch offices, including Milan, Innsbruck, Nuremberg, and Lisbon.
p. 443

50. Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization
Transoceanic trade very valuable
Goods consumed by affluent, merchants, and artisans
Intra European trade
By the end of the 17th century local, regional, and intra-European trade was greater than international trade
Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East and the Americas

51. Timeline, p. 445