1. Shade guides Shade tabs
- Each shade guide consists of multiple shade tabs

2. Vita Lumin Vacuum Step 1: Hue matching - Four grouping of hue,
A1-A4 Reddish-Brownish
B1-B4 Reddish-Yellowish
C1-C4 Grayish shades
D2-D4 Reddish-gray
- Match the samples with high chroma with cervical area of canines

3. Vita Lumin Vacuum Step 2: Chroma selection
Once the hue has been accomplished, a choice is made for the best chroma
- For instance B is the best hue match then it has four different chroma: B1, B2, B3, B4, of the same hue

4. Vita Lumin Vacuum Step 3: Value selection
- Finally, value is determined with a second commercial guide whose samples are arranged in increasing lightness (B1-C4)
- An observer will be able to assess the value most effectively by observing from a distance, standing slightly away from the patient, and looking through a squinted eye, reducing the light that reaches the retina. Stimulation of the cones is reduced and greater conditions to achromatic vision may result

5. Vita Pan 3D Master
There are 5 lightness levels (plus an additional level for bleached teeth)

6. - Select one out of the 5 value groups
Vita Pan 3D Master
Step 1: Value
- Select one out of the 5 value groups

7. Vita Pan 3D Master Step 2: Chroma
- Choose the appropriate chroma by using the M subgroup first and choosing between level 1, 2 or 3

8. Vita Pan 3D Master Step 3: Hue
Choose the appropriate hue by choosing either more reddish (R) or more yellowish (L)
- Available in two chroma for group 2, 3 & 4

9. Shade guides Other available systems, - Extended shade guides
- Dentin shade guide
- Custom shade guide

10. Instrumental color analysis
Inconsistencies can result from factors such as physiological, psychological, age & fatigue
Instrumental color analysis is an alternative offering objective, quantifiable & more rapidly obtained shade matching
Various color measuring instruments exist: colorimeters, spectrophotometer, and digital image analyzers

11. Instrumental color analysis
Colorimeters, spectrophotometer are unsuitable for routine dental use because of their limited ability to measure the color of translucent objects
In addition, colorimeters are adapted for flat surfaces and not curved teeth surfaces

12. Instrumental color analysis

13. Surface characterization
Stains can be added to the surface of the restoration to produce better tooth integration & natural appearance
Used only for minor changes, to achieve:
1. Shade modification
2. Specific characterization
3. Special illusions of form or position
Increasing chroma, changing hue, reducing value
Hypocalcifications or cracks

14. Shade distribution chart
The tooth is divided into three regions: cervical, middle & incisal

15. Surface characterization
Advantages
Dentist can modify the shade after completion of the restoration
Disadvantages
- Stains are applied to the surface only (unrealistic)
If excessive can cause loss of fluorescence &
increased metameric effect
- Restoration becomes slightly rougher
- Stains are soluble & wear with time

16. Shade modification a. Chroma & Hue adjustments
Increasing chroma and changing hue
Pink purple moves yellow toward yellow red, yellow decreases red to yellow red
If we desire to decrease the chroma we usually use the complementary colors (yellow requires blue-purple & orange, blue-green) however rarely successful
Hue of teeth varie between yellow red and yellow

17. Shade modification b. Value adjustments
Can be reduced by adding complementary color (violet for yellow)
Increase the value if the dominant color has a greater lightness such as staining with white but the opacity will increase & rarely successful
Hue of teeth varie between yellow red and yellow

18. Exposed incisal dentin
Specific characterization
Hypocalcified areas
Proximal colorations
Enamel cracks
Stained crack lines
Exposed incisal dentin
Incisal halo
Translucency
Hue of teeth varie between yellow red and yellow

19. Specific characterization
Hue of teeth varie between yellow red and yellow

20. Thank you