1. Food Quality Evaluation Techniques Beyond the Visible Spectrum Murat Balaban Professor, and Chair of Food Process Engineering Chemical and Materials Engineering Department University of Auckland 1

2. Definition of Food Quality Safety - Microbial, chemical Nutritional content - Micronutrients, macronutrients (composition) Physical and Chemical Properties - Texture, age, etc Appearance and sensory attributes - Freshness, ripeness, wholesomeness. 2

3. Context 3 Measurement of the quality attributes, using machine vision / image analysis: - Non-destructive - Near real-time - Reliable - Distribution as opposed to average values.

4. Spectrum 4 “Traditional” Machine vision

5. 5 Light at different wavelengths interacts with matter differently

6. Advantage of hyperspectral 6 Spectroscopy Machine vision Hyperspectral Imaging Fast Separates wavelengths Averages the view area (spatial) Spatially resolves at pixel level Averages wavelengths Separates at pixel level Separates wavelengths.

7. 7

8. 8 Hyperspectral imaging Wavelengths between 200 and 2500 nm. The food sample is scanned with many wavelengths. Can measure moisture, lipids, astaxanthin,…

9. 9 This gives a 2D view of the sample at each wavelength.

10. Methods 10 1- Reflectance Sample Light source Spectrometer or camera

11. Methods 11 2- Transmittance Light source Spectrometer or camera Two difficulties: -Thickness affects penetration -Light disperses

12. Methods 12 3- Interactance

13. Measurement examples 13 UV Detection of bones and parasites in fish (Barnes, 1986)

14. Parasites 14 Manual detection 75% effective Imaging spectroscopy: Depth up to 0.8 cm detected Speed: 1 fillet/sec 40 cm/s

15. Composition 15 Different chemical bonds absorb at different wavelengths It is possible to scan the food using many wavelengths, and correlate these with chemically measured composition. Both the UV and IR range can be used.

16. 16 Composition of cow components US Patent 4,631,413

17. Cocoa powder 17 Near infrared reflectance factor (R) spectra were recorded for 60 cocoa powder samples The spectra were transformed to log (R) versus  and to the second derivative of log (1/R) versus wavelength for correlation with compositional data Linear stepwise regression techniques were used to determine the optimum  and other parameters for predicting chemical constituents The ratio of second derivatives of log (1/R) measured at two characteristic wavelengths.

18. Composition of cocoa powder 18 Kaffka et al., 1982

19. 19 Fish ElMasry and Wold, 2008

20. Hyperspectral water and fat analysis Atlantic halibut Catfish Cod Herring Mackerel Saithe

21. NIR cold smoked salmon

22. 22 Oyster Composition Brown 2011 Oysters were homogenized Composition was measured by wet chemistry, then scanned high throughput: 250–300 samples can be analyzed for moisture, fat, protein and glycogen each day.

23. 23 Moisture Glycogen Fat Protein

24. Meat Ageing 24 (Firtha, 2012)

25. 25 (Firtha, 2012)

26. Methods of Data Analysis 26 Chemometrics: These methods include (not exclusively): -partial least squares (PLS) regression, -multiple linear regression (MLR), and -principal component analysis (PCA). Pork quality

27. Summary 27 In addition to visible light analysis (size, color, shape, texture, etc) UV and IR regions can also be used for quality evaluation. These include composition, specific objects (e.g. parasites, or bones), tenderness. Advantages: Use of multiple wavelengths allow more insight into the materials Disadvantages: Multiple wavelengths require complex chemometric analysis.

28. Thank you 28 Nikon D300S UV and IR filters removed JenOptik 60 mm macro Lens UV-VIS-IR