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Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem
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ASTHMA: DEFINITION Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible obstruction of airflow
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Asthma: inflammation Normal Asthma
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Epithelial damage in Asthma AsthmaticNormal CILIA Epithelium
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Bronchus- סמפון אצל חולה אסטמה מצב תקין
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Asthma: Pathophysiology Allergens inhaled presented to T and B cells Interaction among these cells and by influence of IL4 and IL13, switch of B cells to synthesize IGE Then IGE bind to IGE receptor of mast cells and the early and late response occur.
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Asthma: Pathophysiology Late-response: (4-6 hours later): mediators (IL5) activate eosinophils and other inflammatory cells which migrate to the airways. Release of inflammatory mediators (major basic protein, eosinophilic cationic protein, leukotrienes, …) which cause epithelial cell damage, airway edema, mucus hypersecretion etc... The Result: Airway inflammation
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שכיחות מחלת האסטמה בילדים מחלה הכרונית הכי שכיחה בילדים סיבה הכי שכיחה של ביקורים בחדר מיון ילדים שכיחות האסטמה גבוהה יותר בילדים מאשר במבוגרים אצל ילדים יותר בנים מאשר בנות ולהפך אצל מבוגרים בארץ שכיחות במתבגרים כ 8% ( בנים 8.6% בנות 6.9%) [CHEST 2007] שכיחות המחלה גבוהה יותר במדינות מתועשות ( ניו זילנד 30%, טיבט 0.8%) מאשר במדינות המתפתחות
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שכיחות האסתמה והתמותה Source 1: GINA– Global strategy for asthma management and prevention 2006 – chapter 1
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Epidemiology עישון בזמן הריון ואחרי הלידה הם גורמי סיכון להתפתחות של אסטמה אצל ילדים Slide 1
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אסטמה : קליניקה שיעול: אינטרמיטנתי, יבש, לילי (אחרי חצות), לאחר מאמץ או היפרוונטילציה (צחוק) דיספנאה וטכיפנאה לחץ בחזה
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אנמנזה : אלרגיות ? מעל שני שליש של חולים אסטמטים יש סיפור של אלרגיות האם יש ריניטיס אלרגית ? ( נזלת שקופה עונתית )
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Allergic rhinitis alone Asthma alone Allergic rhinitis + asthma SGA 2001-W-6472-SS Leynaert B et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:1391-1396 Asthma-Diagnosis: History Most Asthmatic Patients have Allergic Rhinitis (children 80- 90%, adults 50%)
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אנמנזה : אלרגיות ? Atopic dermatitis (cheeks and extensor surfaces )
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בדיקה פיזיקאלית : האזנה צפצופים אקספירטורים בעיקר אקספריום מאורך ( יותר מאינספריום )
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בדיקה פיזיקאלית clubbing very rare !!!!!.
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אסטמה בדיקות מעבדה Eosinophilia, High level of IgE Skin tests (weal-flare reaction, diameter of the weal !!)
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אסטמה : צילום חזה כדאי לבצע צילום חזה, יותר כדי לשלול פתולוגיה אחרת צילום חזה באסטמה : תקין / היפראינפלציה / עיבוי פריברונכיאלי / תמטים
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צילום חזה
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Asthma-Diagnosis: Lung-Tests Lung function tests: PEF, FVC, FEV 1, FEV 1 /FVC, FEF 50%.
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Asthma: Diagnosis Obstructive pattern
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Asthma-Diagnosis: Lung-Tests Improvement of more than 12% of FEV1 to beta 2 agonists
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Asthma: Diagnosis Bronchial Challenge Test: Methacholine, Adenosine, Exercise (worsening of FEV 1 >10-15%)
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אסטמה ילדים : אבחנה מבדלת זיהום בסמפונות הראה הגורם להיצרות שלהם “Acute bronchitis/ bronchiolitis”
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Bronchiolitis Etiology: RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) Invasion of bronchioles by virus: edema and accumulation of mucus, obstruction of airways. Common disease of infancy (<6 months) Leading cause of hospitalization for infants Adult infected are also symptomatic: (simple cold)
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Acute Bronchiolitis High incidence in winter (January / February) around 13 weeks.. More severe disease: Male, age < 6 months, no breast feeding, tobacco exposure High risk population: → Age (1-3 months), C.H.D., Premature babies, C.L.D., Trisomy-21…
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Bronchiolitis clinical signs First 1-2 days symptoms of viral disease (slight fever, rhinorrhea…) Gradual development of respiratory distress Apneic spells in infants (hypoxia?, CNS toxins?, U.A.O.?) Rhonchi, crackles or wheezes in auscultation
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Bronchiolitis clinical signs Critical phase 48-72 hours RSV shed from respiratory tract until 9 days, survive on hands (Isolation, hand washing!!!)
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Bronchiolitis laboratory WBC within normal limits X-ray: Diffuse hyperinflation with flattening of diaphragms, atelectasis. Diagnostic: Ag detection by immunofluorescent on nasal secretions.
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Bronchiolitis
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Bronchiolitis Treatment (1) Humidified oxygen, (Helium) Bronchodilators: Salbutamol small improvement in clinical score but do not reduce hospital admission (Cochrane 2010)
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Bronchiolitis Treatment (2) Adrenaline: Adrenaline by inhalations seems better than Salbutamol (Menon J of Ped 1995, Bertrand Ped pulm 2001) Adrenaline vs placebo no difference between 2 groups (Wainwright NEJM 2003) Cochrane 2011: Nebulised epinephrine short-term improvement in outpatients. No evidence of effectiveness for repeated dose or prolonged use of epinephrine among inpatients. Corticosteroids inhaled or systemic: Cochrane 2013: Current evidence does not support a clinically relevant effect of systemic or inhaled glucocorticoids on admissions or length of hospitalisation.
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Bronchiolitis treatment: Hypertonic saline Inhaled 3–9% HS has proved a useful tool in several respiratory diseases (mainly CF) Pezzulo BMJ 2012. סליין היפרטוני: 1)מגדיל את גובה הנוזל המצפה את דפנות דרכי האוויר (airways surface liquid=ASL ) מוריד צמיגות 2)מקטין את הבצקת בשכבה התת-רירית 3) מאיץ את קצב פנוי הליחה
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Bronchiolitis Treatment (3) Hypertonic saline 3% and terbutaline > N.S and terbutaline in bronchiolitis and HS 3% > NS (Sarrell chest 2002) and (Kuzik J Pediatr 2007) Nebulization with 5% hypertonic saline is safe and efficient in bronchioilitis (Al Ansari J Pediatr 2010) Cochrane 2013: Current evidence suggests that in bronchiolitis nebulised 3% saline may significantly reduce the length of hospital stay bronchiolitis and improve the clinical severity score.
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Bronchiolitis preventive treatment Standard IGIV no effective RSV vaccine not successful PALIVIZUMAB (synagis) Monoclonal Antibody: IM once a month in the winter (11 to 03) reduces hospitalizations and decreases severity
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Bronchiolitis preventive treatment (indication according to ministry of health) 1)BPD: BPD with oxygen until age of 2, BPD until age of 1 even without oxygen 2) Premature baby: < 31 (+6d) weeks and younger than 1 year 3)Birth weight < 1 kg: younger than 1 year 4)Chronic pulmonary disease: younger than 1 year (on O2, on steroids PO, active CF, Down with rec pneumonia, s/p TE fist repair, BO..) 5)CHD with CHF on treatment until age of 1 y 6)Cyanotic heart disease until age of 1 7)PHT moderate to severe until age of 1.
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Never Wheezed (51%) by age of 6 y Transient (20%) Wheeze <3 y No wheeze by 6 year Persistent (14%): Wheeze <3y Wheeze at 6 year Late (15%): no wheeze <3y Wheeze at 6 y Never Wheezed 51% Transient 20% Persistent 14% Late 15% Martinez et al. NEJM 1995;332: 133-8 Asthma in infancy: prognostic factors
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Up to 50% of all infants below age of 6 will have at least one episode of wheezing 60% of early wheezers (<3y) do not wheeze at 6 10-70% (the truth around 50-60%) of asthmatic children have resolution of the condition by adulthood
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Asthma in infancy: prognostic factors Severe disease Age > 3 years Allergic / atopic children (no viral induced) Tobacco smoke exposure Familial history (25% to 50% if one or two parents asthmatics
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Asthma Treatment Acute asthma Chronic asthma
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Acute asthma treatment Oxygen as needed agonists: each 20 minutes Corticosteroids: I.V. (1-4mg/kg/d) Consider Aerovent, Aminophylline I.V., Mg SO 4. Helium (low density, ↓ Reynolds number more laminar flow)
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