1. The Postwar Era (1945-1963) Chapter 23

2. President Harry S. Truman  High School Graduate  Democrat  Senator  April 12, 1945  Uninformed  Atomic Bomb

3. Presidents Eisenhower & Kennedy

4. Cold War

5. United Nations  Began April 25, 1945 with 50 nations  Based in New York City  Three major agencies  General Assembly – delegates from member nations, meets annually  Security Council – 5 permanent members (U.S., U.K., France, Russia, China) + 10 elected for 2 year terms  Secretariat – bureaucracy and administration

6. United Nations  Goals:  Forum for rational discussion  Means of furthering world peace  Hampered by limited powers (Is this a good thing?)

7. Containing Communism  Cold War – period of intense competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)  Communism v. Capitalism  Republicanism v. Totalitarianism

8. Containing Communism  Eastern Europe  Pro-Soviet governments in Poland, Romania, East Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia  Iron Curtain  Churchill’s term for the separation of communist east Europe from the free west.

9. Containing Communism  The doctrine of CONTAINMENT, expressed by diplomat George F. Kennan, stated that the U.S. must involve itself in the patient, firm, vigilant, and long-term “containment” of communism.  Tolerate its existence, but don’t let it expand.

10. Containing Communism  Middle East – Iran  Mineral rich  Neutral in WWII  Supply route from Allies to USSR  1946 USSR withdraws forces  New Shah Reza Pahlavi – pro-Western  Overthrown in 1979; U.S. embassy overrun.

11. Containing Communism  Truman Doctrine – policy of “aiding” countries fighting Communist takeovers. Turkey & Greece USSR wants naval bases. US sends $400 million in aid.

12. Containing Communism – Marshall Plan  Massive economic aid to all European countries to rebuild their economies after WWII.  Restored U.S. trading partners  Immunized the region against communism  $13 billion

13. Containing Communism NATO WARSAW PACT

14. Containing Communism  Division of Germany, 40 years  USSR blockade of West Berlin  Berlin Airlift, May 1949 Construction of the Berlin Wall, 11/20/1961

15. 1949: Year of Shocks Communists take China. Mao Zedong vs. Chiang Kai-shek  Taiwan - Nationalists Soviets get the A-bomb.

16. Korean War  38 th parallel  Communist – North  Non-Communist – South  1950 Communists invade South Korea  UN sends troops.  MacArthur  China’s entry  Limited War – limited objective 33,000 American deaths

17. Korean War  Frozen Chosin page 544.

18. Containment & Accommodation  Eisenhower becomes president in 1952.  JFK in 1960.  Policy of containment continues, but with a willingness to accommodate communism.  Peaceful co-existence

19. Containment & Accommodation  Indochina-Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia  French colony  Japan  Communists  French defeat  U.S. intervenes, 6K advisors  Domino Theory

20. Containment & Accommodation  Cuba  Castro 1959  90 miles  Nationalization of industry  Eisenhower response  Kennedy  Operation Mongoose  Bay of Pigs (April 1961)  http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=8qXZp8bxpNY&featur e=related http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=8qXZp8bxpNY&featur e=related Fidel Castro, 1959

22. On the Brink of M.A.D.  Cuban Missile Crisis – 13 very tense days  October 1962, U-2  Nukes  U.S. Blockade  Agreement:  U.S.S.R. removes missiles  U.S. not to invade Cuba  U.S. removes nukes from Turkey http://www.history.com/ videos/inside-a-prefab- fallout-shelter#cold-war

23. Http://www.hpol.org/jfk/cuban/ Http://www.hpol.org/jfk/cuban/ Kennedy’s audio files. How close we were…

24. Berlin Wall, August 1961  http://www.history.com/videos/kennedy-responds-to- berlin-wall#kennedy-responds-to-berlin-wall http://www.history.com/videos/kennedy-responds-to- berlin-wall#kennedy-responds-to-berlin-wall

25. Today the Cold War is over, but…  http://www.history.com/videos/inside-a-prefab-fallout- shelter#cold-war http://www.history.com/videos/inside-a-prefab-fallout- shelter#cold-war

26. Domestic Reform

27. Truman & the Fair Deal  Truman’s domestic program was an expansion of Roosevelt’s New Deal.  Government spending to create jobs  Council of Economic Advisors  Atomic Energy Commission

28. Republican Opposition  Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 – allowed states to pass “right to work” laws banning unions from requiring membership to get a job in certain professions/industries.  National Security Act of 1947 – provide for coordination of armed forces, created office of Secretary of Defense, National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency

29. Election of 1948  Harry Truman – Democrat  Liberals left the Democrat party and supported pro-Soviet Henry A. Wallace.  Southern Democrats left the Democrat party to support Strom Thurmond on the States’ Rights (or Dixiecrat) ticket. Thomas Dewey – Republican Papers reported that Dewey had won. (p. 548)

30. Election of 1948  In fact, Truman won in a landslide.  The Democrats passed many Fair Deal proposals.  Raised minimum wage  Extended social security  Aid to farmers  Rejected Civil Rights bills  Rejected federal aid to education  Rejected national health insurance

31. Anti-communism in America  Second Red Scare  Communism spreading  Fear of spies  Alger Hiss, State Dept.  Whitaker Chambers  Accused Hiss of passing documents to the Soviets. Alger Hiss

32. Anti-communism in America  Rosenbergs  Convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets during WWII.  Executed in 1953 for their treason. U.S. Government responds to the “Communist Threat.”

33. The McCarthy Era  House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – investigated federal employees and the entertainment industry.  Senator Joseph McCarthy, WI  Senate subcommittee hearings  Fraud and a hoax Senator Joseph McCarthy

35. Hollywood stars, producers, directors, etc. were “blacklisted and not allowed to work because of accusations of communist ties.

36. The McCarthy Era  “McCarthyism”- use of lies, distortion, and innuendo to root out alleged communists.  Problem: He brought genuine anti-communism into disrepute. Real communists were protected from future allegations because of McCarthy.

37. Fight Against Communism  William F. Buckley’s National Review  Very influential in producing a new generation of anti- communist thinkers and voters.

39. Eisenhower and “Dynamic Conservatism”  Elected president in 1952 – More BIG government.  First Republican president since Hoover.  “Dynamic Conservatism” – “Conservative when it comes to money and liberal when it comes to human beings.  Interstate Highway System – ostensibly for national defense  National Defense Education Act – federal funds into education Campaign Button

40. Kennedy & the New Frontier  1960 JFK defeated Richard Nixon for the presidency.  JFK, WWII Veteran, Senator  Age 43, youngest president elected  First Catholic president  “New Generation of Americans”

41. Kennedy & the New Frontier  Idealism – quote p. 554  Peace Corps – video clip (50 th Anniversary 2011)  Recession  Public works, BIG government  Man on the Moon  Symbol over substance  http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=0fJ0fuxrohw&feat ure=related http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=0fJ0fuxrohw&feat ure=related

42. Kennedy Assassinated  November 22, 1963  Dallas, Texas JFK, Jackie, & Governor J. Connelly moments before tragedy

43. Life in Postwar America

44. The Affluent Society (John K. Galbraith)  Unprecedented economic prosperity  Defense spending on the Cold War  Supplier of industrial goods to the world  Little to no competition  Homeowners, goods (cars, appliances, tvs)  Marketing – “Planned Obsolescence”

45.  Suburbs  Malls  Credit Cars  Celebrities Elvis Presley

46. Baby Boom!  Rise in birthrate  Population increases 30% between 1945 and 1960.

47.  Juvenile Delinquency  Dr. Spock  Working Moms  Increase in divorce

48. Minority Rights  Civil Rights Movement  Blacks seeking to secure the exercise and protection of their civil rights - Equal treatment  Brown v. Board of Education – segregated schools are unconstitutional.

49. Montgomery Bus Boycott  1955  Rosa Parks  Launched Martin Luther King, Jr. as leader Almost empty bus…

50. Martin Luther King, Jr.  Pastor/Preacher  Influenced by  Henry David Thoreau  Ghandi Non-violent civil disobedience March on Washington, August 1963 “I have a dream…”

51. Religion  Renewed interest  1954 Congress added “one nation under God” to the pledge of allegiance.  1955 “In God We Trust” added to currency.

52. Religion  Ecumenical Movement  World Council of Churches  Youth for Christ  Billy Graham

53. Divisions in America  Race  Religion  War  Poverty