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The Catholic Church Splits Three factors: Rome’s Split Language Issues Disagreement about religious ideas The two pieces: West is Catholic Church East is “Eastern Orthodox”
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Martin Luther
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Who was Martin Luther? Born in Germany in 1483. After surviving a violent storm, he vowed to become a monk. Lived in the city of Wittenberg. Died in 1546.
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Definitions Protest To express strong objection Reform To improve by correcting errors
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Problems in the Church Corruption Political Conflicts
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Corruption The Church raised money through practices like simony and selling indulgences.
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Advantages of Buying Indulgences Go Directly to Heaven! Do not go to Hell! Do not go to Purgatory! Get through Purgatory faster!
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Political Conflict KINGS AND QUEENSPOPES
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Papal Schism In 1301, the king tried to tax the French clergy. The pope threatened to excommunicate the king and so was arrested. He was later released. The next pope, Clement V, moved the headquarters of the Church from Rome to Avignon in southern France. Many people felt that the French kings controlled the Church. Rome Avignon
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Three Popes! The next six popes lived in Avignon. Pope Gregory then moved the papacy back to Rome in 1377. When Gregory died, the French cardinals did not like the new pope in Rome, so they elected a different pope in Avignon. Later, a Church council elected a third pope.
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Calls for Reform John Wycliffe (1330-1384) Questioned the authority of the pope Jan Hus (1370-1415) Criticized the vast wealth of the Church Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536) Attacked corruption in the Church
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Luther Looks for Reforms Luther criticized Church practices, like selling indulgences. He wanted to begin a discussion within the Church about the true path to salvation. 1519 - He nailed his Ninety- Five Theses, or arguments, to the door of Wittenberg cathedral for all to see.
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Protestant Teaching: Justification by Faith Alone The Bible is the only source of truth. People can read and understand the Bible themselves. Salvation comes only through faith in Christ. Luther’s Bible
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Excommunication! Pope Leo X demanded that Luther recant 41 of his Ninety-Five Theses. Luther was brought before the Diet of Worms. In January 1521, Luther was excommunicated from the Church.
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The Printing Press Luther’s ideas spread quickly with the help of the printing press. Luther’s supporters distributed copies of his speeches and essays far and wide. Millions of people sided with Luther against the Roman Catholic Church.
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A New Church His supporters began to organize a new Christian denomination. Several German princes supported Luther. Lutherans and Catholics fought each other. Fighting over religious principles and political control continues until the mid-17 th century
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Lutheranism Luther’s followers disagreed with many of the teachings of the Catholic Church. They rejected the authority of Church councils and the pope. Reading the Bible was the only way to learn how to lead a good life. Luther translated the Bible into German
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The Reformation spread to other countries. France and Switzerland: John Calvin preached the idea of “predestination” and that some people had been chosen by God for salvation. England: King Henry VIII …
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Henry VIII King of England Married to Catherine of Aragon Wants a son but doesn’t get one Asks Pope for a divorce Pope says “No!”
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Henry’s Response Henry breaks England away from Catholic Church Creates Church of England Essentially Catholic Church except Henry is head of Church Divorces for King are okay!
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So, what happened with Henry VIII Divorces Catherine of Aragon Daughter Mary Marries Ann Boleyn Elizabeth Beheaded Jane Seymour Son, Edward VI (a sickly boy) She dies shortly afterward Anne of Cleves Married 6 months Divorced Catherine Howard Beheaded Catherine Parr Outlives Henry
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Protest Religions These and other new religions called “Protestant” and this period in history is the “Reformation” Lutheran Baptist Anabaptist Methodist Church of England/Episcopal Protestant Europe is still divided with a Protestant north and a Catholic South “protesting” Martin Luther and Henry VIII were “protesting” against the Catholic Church and reforming their beliefs.
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Meanwhile, back in Spain…. Charles the V Charles the V inherits the throne of the Low Countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg) …10 years later, he inherits the throne of Spain when his grandmother (Isabella) dies. Austria and Hungary …only 3 years later, his grandfather dies and he inherits the crown of the Holy Roman Empire! (Austria and Hungary)
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Spain and the Holy Roman Empire! Charles V – King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor
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Abdicates in 1555… his son, Philip gets Spain, Naples and all of the colonies. His brother Ferdinand succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor. Thanks dad! Philip the II
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Empire inherited by Philip Spanish Armada 1588 – Spanish Armada sent against Elizabeth I of England (she had refused his proposal AND killed Henry the VIII’s catholic daughter Mary Queen of Scots AND reasserted Protestantism in England) Armada is destroyed by smaller British fleet and a terrible storm! (Protestant Wind?)
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…All that silver…but now we’re broke. Charles V had left Philip with a huge debt! literally Fighting wars and trying to control such a vast territory cost a fortune – literally. Philip defaulted on loans in 1557, 1560, 1575, and 1596 – lenders did not have the power to force the king to repay his loans...Spain's kings would default 6 more times in the next 65 years
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30 Years War – 1618 - 1648 Treaty of Westphalia severely weakens power of Holy Roman Empire…
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Germany Remnants of The Holy Roman Empire Many Germanic States adopt Lutheranism as official religion around 1530 Warfare against Catholics ends in 1648 German States divided into independent principalities controlled by either the Hapsburgs of Austria or the Kingdom of Prussia
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Netherlands Protestants emphasized individual achievement Promoted economic enterprise and capitalism Demonstrate Virtue through thrift and industry 1576 – Netherlands vying for freedom from Spanish control Help of Queen Elizabeth (allies with other protestant forces) 1588 – Philip the II – Spanish Armada to invade England Destroyed by English and a storm Coupled with drying up of mines in new world mid 1600s, Spain sees dramatic decline
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The Dutch! Ruled by coalition of businessmen Commercial capital of Europe: Stock Exchange Banks Textile Industry Shipping Industry Joint Stock Companies – POWERFUL Power declines after English Navigation Act of 1651
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Russia Rise of nation-states lead some to fear them (China/Japan) and some to emulate them – Russia Isolated by geography, religion and culture Extended to the pacific by 1649 Still Medieval – Serfs bound to land
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Peter the Great Crowned Czar (Tsar) in 1682 crush 1700 Battle of Narva –– 8,000 Swedes crush 40,000 Russians YIKES! We definitely need to modernize…
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Visits Europe to see how things are done! Comes home and makes changes! St Petersburg New Capital – St Petersburg “Europeanized” Russia Reorganized and trained army New weapons Promoted mining and manufacturing Western education for nobles No beards for nobility!
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Russia! Defeated Swedes and kept conquering! Improvements drove deeper wedge between nobility and peasants No free markets Heavy taxes Conscription Forced labor
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1725 Death of Peter the Great
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