1. Conversion Functions Implicit datatype conversion Explicit datatype conversion Datatypeconversion In some cases, Oracle Server allows data of one datatype where it expects data of a different datatype. This is allowed when Oracle Server can automatically convert the data to the expected datatype. This datatype conversion can be done implicitly by Oracle Server or explicitly by the user.

2. Explicit Datatype Conversion NUMBERCHARACTER TO_CHARTO_NUMBER DATETO_CHAR TO_DATE

3. TO_CHAR Function with Dates The format model: Must be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case sensitive Can include any valid date format element Has an fm element to remove padded blanks or suppress leading zeros Is separated from the date value by a comma The format model: Must be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case sensitive Can include any valid date format element Has an fm element to remove padded blanks or suppress leading zeros Is separated from the date value by a comma TO_CHAR(date, 'fmt')

7. Elements of Date Format Model Time elements format the time portion of the date. Add character strings by enclosing them in double quotation marks. Number suffixes spell out numbers. Time elements format the time portion of the date. Add character strings by enclosing them in double quotation marks. Number suffixes spell out numbers. HH24:MI:SS AM15:45:32 PM DD "of" MONTH12 of OCTOBERddspthfourteenth

9. Using TO_CHAR Function with Dates SQL> SELECTename, 2 TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'fmDD Month YYYY') HIREDATE 3 FROM emp; ENAME HIREDATE ---------- ----------------- KING 17 November 1981 BLAKE 1 May 1981 CLARK 9 June 1981 JONES 2 April 1981 MARTIN 28 September 1981 ALLEN 20 February 1981... 14 rows selected.

10. NVL Function Converts null to an actual value Datatypes that can be used are date, character, and number. Datatypes must match NVL(comm,0) NVL(hiredate,'01-JAN-97') NVL(job,'No Job Yet') Converts null to an actual value Datatypes that can be used are date, character, and number. Datatypes must match NVL(comm,0) NVL(hiredate,'01-JAN-97') NVL(job,'No Job Yet')

11. Syntax: NVL (expr1, expr2) where: expr1 is the source value or expression that may contain null expr2 is the target value for converting null You can use the NVL function to convert any datatype, but the return value is always the same as the datatype of expr1. NVL Conversions for Various Datatypes DatatypeConversion Example NUMBERNVL (number_column.9) DATENVL (date_column, ’01-JAN-95’) CHAR or VARCHAR2NVL(character_column, ‘Unavailable’)

12. SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm, (sal*12)+NVL(comm,0) 2 FROM emp; Using the NVL Function ENAME SAL COMM (SAL*12)+NVL(COMM,0) ---------- --------- --------- -------------------- KING 5000 60000 BLAKE 2850 34200 CLARK 2450 29400 JONES 2975 35700 MARTIN 1250 1400 16400 ALLEN 1600 300 19500... 14 rows selected.

13. DECODE Function Facilitates conditional inquiries by doing the work of a CASE or IF- THEN-ELSE statement DECODE(col/expression, search1, result1 [, search2, result2,...,] [, default]) DECODE(col/expression, search1, result1 [, search2, result2,...,] [, default])

14. Using the DECODE Function SQL> SELECT job, sal, 2 DECODE(job, 'ANALYST', SAL*1.1, 3 'CLERK', SAL*1.15, 4 'MANAGER', SAL*1.20, 5 SAL) 6 REVISED_SALARY 7 FROM emp; JOB SAL REVISED_SALARY --------- --------- -------------- PRESIDENT 5000 5000 MANAGER 2850 3420 MANAGER 2450 2940... 14 rows selected.

15. Using the DECODE Function In the SQL statement above, the value of JOB is decoded. If JOB is ANALYST, the salary increase is 10%; if JOB is CLERK, the salary increase is 15%; if JOB is MANAGER, the salary increase is 20%. For all other job roles, there is no increase in salary. The same statement can be written as an IF-THEN-ELSE statement: IF job = 'ANALYST'THEN sal = sal*1.1 IF job = 'CLERK' THEN sal = sal*1.15 IF job = 'MANAGER'THEN sal = sal*1.20 ELSE sal = sal

16. Using the DECODE Function SQL> SELECT ename, sal, 2 DECODE(TRUNC(sal/1000, 0), 3 0, 0.00, 4 1, 0.09, 5 2, 0.20, 6 3, 0.30, 7 4, 0.40, 8 5, 0.42, 9 6, 0.44, 10 0.45) TAX_RATE 11 FROM emp 12 WHERE deptno = 30; Display the applicable tax rate for each employee in department 30.

17. Nesting Functions Single-row functions can be nested to any level. Nested functions are evaluated from deepest level to the least-deep level. Single-row functions can be nested to any level. Nested functions are evaluated from deepest level to the least-deep level. F3(F2(F1(col,arg1),arg2),arg3) Step 1 = Result 1 Step 2 = Result 2 Step 3 = Result 3

21. Nesting Functions SQL> SELECTename, 2 NVL(TO_CHAR(mgr),'No Manager') 3 FROMemp 4 WHEREmgr IS NULL; ENAME NVL(TO_CHAR(MGR),'NOMANAGER') ---------- ----------------------------- KING No Manager