1. CS 838: Pervasive Parallelism Introduction to OpenMP Copyright 2005 Mark D. Hill University of Wisconsin-Madison Slides are derived from online references of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, University of Minnesota, OpenMP.org Thanks!

2. 2 (C) 2005 CS 838 Outline Introduction –Motivation –Example Programming Model –Expressing parallelism –Synchronization Syntax

3. 3 (C) 2005 CS 838 Introduction to OpenMP What is OpenMP? –Open specification for Multi-Processing –“Standard” API for defining multi-threaded shared-memory programs Header –Preprocessor (compiler) directives –Library Calls –Environment Variables

4. 4 (C) 2005 CS 838 Motivation Thread libraries are hard to use –P-Threads/Solaris threads have many library calls for initialization, synchronization, thread creation, condition variables, etc. –Usually require alternate programming styles »Programmer must code with multiple threads in mind Synchronization between threads introduces a new dimension of program correctness

5. 5 (C) 2005 CS 838 Motivation Wouldn’t it be nice to write serial programs and somehow parallelize them “automatically”? –OpenMP can parallelize many serial programs with relatively few annotations that specify parallelism and independence –OpenMP is a small API that hides cumbersome threading calls with simpler directives

6. 6 (C) 2005 CS 838 Example: Hello, World! Files: (Makefile) hello.c

7. 7 (C) 2005 CS 838 Outline Introduction –Motivation –Example Programming Model –Expressing parallelism –Synchronization Syntax

8. 8 (C) 2005 CS 838 Programming Model Thread-like Fork/Join model –Typically multiple thread creation/ destruction events –Some built-in automatic parallelization Fork Join

9. 9 (C) 2005 CS 838 Programming Models Data parallelism –Threads perform similar functions, guided by thread identifier Control parallelism –Threads perform differing functions »One thread for I/O, one for computation, etc… Fork Join

10. 10 (C) 2005 CS 838 Programming Model Master Thread Thread with ID=0 Only thread that exists in sequential regions Depending on implementation, may have special purpose inside parallel regions Some special directives affect only the master thread (like master ) Fork Join 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0

11. 11 (C) 2005 CS 838 Programming Model Parallel Code Sections Loop annotation directives can be used to parallelize loops Explicit parallel regions are declared with the parallel directive –Start of region corresponds to N pthread_create() calls (Fork Event) –End of region corresponds to N pthread_join() calls (Join Event)

12. 12 (C) 2005 CS 838 Programming Model Synchronization Constructs Synchronization provided by OpenMP specification –Can declare Critical Sections in code »Mutual exclusion guaranteed at runtime –Can declare “simple” statements as atomic –Barrier directives –Lock functions

13. 13 (C) 2005 CS 838 Programming Model Directives Directives (preprocessor) used to express parallelism and independence to OpenMP implementation Some synchronization directives –Atomic, Critical Section, Barrier

14. 14 (C) 2005 CS 838 Programming Models Library Calls Library calls provide functionality that cannot be built-in at compile-time Mutator/Accessor functions –omp_[get,set]_num_threads() Lock/Unlock functionality

15. 15 (C) 2005 CS 838 Programming Model Environment Variables Provide default behavior Allow other processes to change behavior of OpenMP-enabled programs Useful for scripting: –setenv OMP_NUM_THREADS 4

16. 16 (C) 2005 CS 838 Limitations OpenMP isn’t guaranteed to divide work optimally among threads Highly sensitive to programming style Overheads higher than traditional threading Requires compiler support (use cc ) Doesn’t parallelize dependencies

17. 17 (C) 2005 CS 838 Outline Introduction –Motivation –Example Programming Model –Expressing parallelism –Synchronization Syntax

18. 18 (C) 2005 CS 838 OpenMP Syntax General syntax for OpenMP directives Directive specifies type of OpenMP operation –Parallelization –Synchronization –Etc. Clauses (optional) modify semantics of Directive #pragma omp directive [clause…] CR

19. 19 (C) 2005 CS 838 OpenMP Syntax PARALLEL syntax Ex: Output: (N=4) #pragma omp parallel { printf(“Hello!\n”); } // implicit barrier Hello! #pragma omp parallel [clause…] CR structured_block

20. 20 (C) 2005 CS 838 OpenMP Syntax DO/for Syntax (DO-Fortran, for-C) Ex: #pragma omp parallel { #pragma omp for private(i) shared(x) \ schedule(static,x/N) for(i=0;i<x;i++) printf(“Hello!\n”); } // implicit barrier Note: Must reside inside a parallel section #pragma omp for [clause…] CR for_loop

21. 21 (C) 2005 CS 838 OpenMP Syntax More on Clauses private() – A variable in private list is private to each thread shared() – Variables in shared list are visible to all threads –Implies no synchronization, or even consistency! schedule() – Determines how iterations will be divided among threads –schedule(static, C) – Each thread will be given C iterations »Usually N*C = Number of total iterations –schedule(dynamic) – Each thread will be given additional iterations as-needed »Often less efficient than considered static allocation nowait – Removes implicit barrier from end of block

22. 22 (C) 2005 CS 838 OpenMP Syntax PARALLEL FOR (combines parallel and for ) Ex: #pragma omp parallel for shared(x)\ private(i) \ schedule(dynamic) for(i=0;i<x;i++) { printf(“Hello!\n”); } #pragma omp parallel for [clause…] CR for_loop

23. 23 (C) 2005 CS 838 Example: AddMatrix Files: (Makefile) addmatrix.c // omp-parallelized matrixmain.c // non-omp printmatrix.c // non-omp

24. 24 (C) 2005 CS 838 OpenMP Syntax ATOMIC syntax Ex: #pragma omp parallel shared(x) { #pragma omp atomic x++; } // implicit barrier #pragma omp atomic CR simple_statement

25. 25 (C) 2005 CS 838 OpenMP Syntax CRITICAL syntax Ex: #pragma omp parallel shared(x) { #pragma omp critical { // only one thread in here } } // implicit barrier #pragma omp critical CR structured_block

26. 26 (C) 2005 CS 838 OpenMP Syntax ATOMIC vs. CRITICAL Use ATOMIC for “simple statements” –Usu. Lower overhead than CRITICAL Use CRITICAL for larger expressions –May involve an unseen implicit lock

27. 27 (C) 2005 CS 838 OpenMP Syntax MASTER – only Thread 0 executes a block SINGLE – only one thread executes a block No implied synchronization #pragma omp master CR structured_block #pragma omp single CR structured_block

28. 28 (C) 2005 CS 838 OpenMP Syntax BARRIER Locks –Locks are provided through omp.h library calls –omp_init_lock() –omp_destroy_lock() –omp_test_lock() –omp_set_lock() –omp_unset_lock() #pragma omp barrier CR

29. 29 (C) 2005 CS 838 OpenMP Syntax FLUSH Guarantees that threads’ views of memory is consistent Why? Remember OpenMP directives… –Code generated by directives at compile-time cannot respond to dynamic events »Variables are not always declared as volatile »Using variables from registers instead of memory can seem like a consistency violation –Synch. Often has an implicit flush »ATOMIC, CRITICAL #pragma omp flush CR

30. 30 (C) 2005 CS 838 Example: Synchronization Files: (Makefile) increment.c

31. 31 (C) 2005 CS 838 OpenMP Syntax Functions omp_set_num_threads() omp_get_num_threads() omp_get_max_threads() omp_get_num_procs() omp_get_thread_num() omp_set_dynamic() omp_[init destroy test set unset]_lock()