1. Energy transfer

2. Energy sources The sun provides almost all the energy to sustain life. Producers use Photosynthesis or Chemosythesis acquire the energy needed to live. Chemosythesis is the use of inorganic compound to gain energy, only bacteria use this energy source.

3. Measuring productivity Biomass is the amount of organic matter in an ecosystem Producers make biomass Gross primary productivity is the rate at which producer use solar energy to make biomass and maintain the producers metabolism. Net primary productivity is the amount of biomass left for consumers to eat. Productivity is measured in units of energy per unit area per year.

4. Which biomes are the lest productive? Which are the most? Why do you think that is?

5. Consumers primary consumers: Herbivores – eat producers secondary consumers: Carnivores: meat eaters Omnivores: eat producers & consumers Detritivore: eat dead plants and animals & animal waste E.g. Voltures and dung beetles decomposers are detritivors that break down organic matter into nutrients e.g. bacteria and fungi

6. Energy flow Each level in the pyramid is called a trophic level. As levels increase energy is lost as heat or used for growth. Only 1/10th of the energy is available for the next level in the pyramid Left side: Why do you think there is no quaternary level? Does it take more land to feed a vegetarian or an omnivore? With a growing human population (7 billion +) what is the best way to use our arable land resources?

7. Energy use in a trophic pyramid o Only 10% of energy is available from one trophic level to the next. o There is a limit to the number of trophic levels there can be.

8. Food chains & webs Food chain – a single pathway fro energy to move through the tropic levels. Food web - Several food chains linked together Shows how energy moves through a community A change to one part of the web affects all the others Fresh water food web: Arrows mean “eaten by”

9. A forest food web

10. Antarctic marine food web is supported by krill, a small crustacean Krill feed on algae & other protozoans

11. Summary review 1. What happens to a community if the number or output of the producers is lowered, say in a drought? 2. What would happen if the decomposers died? 3. What happens if the top predators are killed by humans? 4. How are food chains and webs different? Which is the more accurate way to show how energy moves through a community?