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Published byJocelin Warner Modified over 9 years ago
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METHODS OF PRODUCING POWER
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Methods of Producing Power Traditional Sources Wind Water Steam Engine Internal Combustion Engine Mechanical Power and its Measurement
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Windmills - History John Smeaton - Metal (1740s) Edmund Lee -Automatic Fantail (1745) Not Used Till 1800s Very Little change from 1650s to 1850s Gears - Typically Wooden Till 1800s Power - 40 hp (1650s) Primarily Northern Europe
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Revolving Cap - Hallette (1830)
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Revolving Body - End 19th Century
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Windmills - Research Antoine Parent (early 1700s) Force Force on Sail Proportional to Velocity of Wind Squared Sine of Angle Wind Hits Sail Squared Best Angle = 54 degrees Bernoulli, MacLaurin, d’Alembert (Mid 1700s) Included Rotation of Sail Angle of Sail Varies with Rotation Speed Euler & d’Alembert (Mid 1700s) Shape of Sail
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Windmill - Research (continued) Smeaton (1750s) Experimental Torque Force Verified Findings of MacLaurin & Euler Dutch Flared Sails Concave Shape & Warped Surface Optimum Design Without Theory
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Smeaton’s Experiments (1750s)
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Windmills - 19th Century Metal Construction Panemonian Mills Vertical Shaft - Cone Shaped Vanes Less Power & Longer Operation Times Aeolian Mills Horizontal or Slightly Inclined Shaft Metal Construction Variable Angle of Attack Delamolere - Centrifugal Governor Varying Angle of Attack Limited Speed of Rotation During High Winds
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Self-Regulating Device (1830- 1840)
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Pumps - Crank & Gear Crank Fixed to Horizontal Shaft Lift (Water) & Force (Air) Pumps No Variation in Piston Displacement Abandoned in Favor of Gears La Hire Gear Cogwheels & Crankshaft
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Metal Windmill for Pumping Water (1830)
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Wind Pump with La Hire Gear
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Pumping Mechanism with Cogwheels and Crankshaft
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Windmills - Modern History (Mid to Late 1900s) Lightweight Materials Precision Gearing Precision Manufacturing Highly Efficient Energy Conversion Electrical Power Generation
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Waterwheels - History Horizontal Wheel - Greek Oldest - For Speed Vertical Wheel - Roman Newer - For Power England Became Leader (1800s) John Smeaton Powered Pre-Steam Industry Types Undershot, Breast, Overshot
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Waterwheels - Research Fluid Mechanics (1600s) Hydraulics (1700s) Parent (Late 1600s) Speed of Blades is 1/3 Speed of Water Bernoulli (1727) Pressure on Blades Proportional to Relative Velocity between Current and Blade Squared Smeaton (1952 & 1953) & Bossut Speed of Blades is 2/5 Speed of Water
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Waterwheels - Research Charles de Borda (1767) Speed of Blades is 1/2 Speed of Water Proportional to Speed of Water (Not Square) Other Considerations Diameter Width to Depth of Blade Spacing Angle Shape
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Waterwheels - History Undershot - Poncelet (1828) Curved Vanes to Reduce Power Loss Undershot - 30 % Efficient Calculated Most Efficient Arrangement Overshot Required Large Gradient Buckets Used Instead of Blades Utilized Weight of Water & Momentum Double the Efficiency of Undershot Breast - Sagebien Most Universal Design of Era
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Breast Wheel (Early 19th Century)
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Poncelet’s Wheel (1828)
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Wooden Overshot Wheel (Early 19th Century)
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Metal Overshot Wheel (1830s)
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Sagebien’s Wheel (Middle of 19th Century)
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