1. 1 Wind Energy

2. 2 Preperd by : Huthefa Flieh Osama mohamad Nazer Al Zoubi Hazem khres Malek Rezkallh

3. 3 Wind Energy Outline  History and Context  Advantages  Disadvantages  Wind Farm Development  Future

4. 4 History and Context

5. 5 Wind Energy History  ~ 400 A.D. Wind driven Buddhist prayer wheels  1200 to 1850 Golden era of windmills in western Europe – 50,000 9,000 in Holland; 10,000 in England; 18,000 in Germany  1850’s Multiblade turbines for water pumping made and marketed in U.S.  1882 Thomas Edison commissions first commercial electric generating stations in London.

6. Wind Energy History …..cont.  1900 Competition from alternative energy sources reduces windmill population to fewer than 10,000  1850 – 1930 Heyday of the small multiblade turbines in the US midwast  As many as 6,000,000 units installed  1936+ US Rural Electrification Administration extends the grid to most formerly isolated rural sites  Grid electricity rapidly displaces multiblade turbine uses 6

7. 7 Increasingly Significant Power Source Wind could generate 6% of nation’s electricity by 2020. Wind currently produces less than 1% of the nation’s power. Source: Energy Information Agency

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9. 9 Wind Power Advantages

10. 10 Advantages of Wind Power  Environmental  Economic Development  Fuel Diversity & Conservation  Cost Stability

11. 11 Environmental Benefits  No air pollution  No greenhouse gasses  Does not pollute water with mercury  No water needed for operations

12. 12 Pollution from Electric Power Source: Northwest Foundation, 12/97 Electric power is a primary source of industrial air pollution

13. 13 Economic Development Benefits  Expanding Wind Power development brings jobs to rural communities  Increased tax revenue  Purchase of goods & services

14. 14 Fuel Diversity Benefits  Domestic energy source  Inexhaustible supply  Small, dispersed design reduces supply risk

15. 15 Cost Stability Benefits  Flat-rate pricing hedge against fuel price volatility risk  Wind electricity is inflation-proof

16. 16 Wind Disadvantages

17. 17 Market Barriers  Siting Avian Noise Aesthetics  Intermittent source of power  Transmission constraints  Operational characteristics different from conventional fuel sources  Financing

18. 18 Wind Energy and the Grid  Pros Small project size Short/flexible development time Dispatchability  Cons Generally remote location Grid connectivity -- lack of transmission capability Intermittent output  Only When the wind blows (night? Day?) Low capacity factor Predicting the wind -- we’re getting better

19. 19 Birds - A Serious Obstacle  Birds of Prey (hawks, owls, golden eagles) in jeopardy  Altamont Pass – News Update – from Sept 22 shut down all the turbines for at least two months each winter eliminate the 100 most lethal turbines Replace all before permits expire in 13 years

20. 20 Wind – Characteristics & Consequences  Remote location and low capacity factor  Higher transmission investment per unit output  Small project size and quick development time  Planning mismatch with transmission investment  Intermittent output  Higher system operating costs if systems and protocols not designed properly

21. 21 Balancing Supply & Demand Base Load – Coal Gas/Hydro Gas 3500 4000 4500 3000

22. Wind Farm Development 22

23. Wind Farm Development  Key parameters Wind resource Zoning/Public Approval/Land Lease Connectivity to the grid Financing 23

24. Wind Farm Development  Wind resource Absolutely vital to determine finances  Wind is the fuel Requires historical wind data  Daily and hourly detail Install metrological towers  Preferably at projected turbine hub height  Multiple towers across proposed site Multiyear data reduces financial risk  Correlate long term offsite data to support short term onsite data  Local NWS metrological station 24

25. Wind Energy Variability 25

26. Wind Farm Development  Zoning/Public Approval/Land Lease Obtain local and state governmental approvals  Often includes Environmental Impact Studies  Impact to wetlands, birds (especially raptors)  NIMBY component  View sheds Negotiate lease arrangements with ranchers, farmers, Native American tribes, etc.  Annual payments per turbine or production based 26

27. Wind Farm Development  Connectivity to the grid Obtain approvals to tie to the grid  Obtain from grid operators – WAPA, BPA, California ISO Power fluctuations stress the grid  Especially since the grid is operating near max capacity 27

28. Wind Farm Development  Financing Once all components are settled…  Wind resource  Zoning/Public Approval/Land Lease  Power Purchase Agreements (PPA)  Connectivity to the grid  Turbine procurement  Construction costs …Take the deal to get financed 28

29. Future Trends 29

30. 30 Expectations for Future Growth  20,000 total turbines installed by 2010  6% of electricity supply by 2020 100,000 MW of wind power installed by 2020

31. 31 Future Cost Reductions  Financing Strategies  Manufacturing Economy of Scale  Better Sites and “Tuning” Turbines for Site Conditions  Technology Improvements

32. 32 Future Tech Developments  Application Specific Turbines Offshore Limited land/resource areas Transportation or construction limitations Low wind resource Cold climates

33. 33 The Future of Wind - Offshore 1.5 - 6 MW per turbine 60-120 m hub height 5 km from shore, 30 m deep ideal Gravity foundation, pole, or tripod formation Shaft can act as artificial reef Drawbacks- T&D losses (underground cables lead to shore) and visual eye sore

34. The End Any questions ?? 34