3. The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum Only green and blue wavelengths pass through water a great distance.

4. Light Penetration in the Ocean

5. What color/wavelength of light will animals use?

6. Types of light production: 1.incandescence – light bulb 2.luminescence- fluorescence bulb What is the difference between these types of light? Bioluminescence: a chemical reaction

7. What organisms that you know of have bioluminescence? Bioluminescence evolved in several kingdoms. Evolution: In early evolution, O 2 was toxic. Some organisms were able to convert it to a nontoxic substance, which had the tendency to produce photons of light. This may have had a selective advantage to some organisms. Not found in freshwater organisms.

8. luciferase Luciferin + O 2 oxyluciferin + light

9. Bacterial Intrinsic Photobacterium

10. (bacterial) Light emitting organ

11. Cephalopod Photophore

12. Examples of Bacterial Photophores: fish, few squid, Pyrosoma (tunicate) How do they get bacteria? organ open to exterior (provide entrance for bacteria to enter) potentially continuous luminescence Pyrosoma

13. Bacterial photophores- 3 genera Photobacterium (symbiotic relationship) Achromabacteria (2 types of squid use bacteria, the rest (17) have make their own luminescence) Beneckea (not associated with symbiotic relationship) Squid Euprymna- squid hatches w/out bacteria; w/in hours it is infected w/natural populations of bacteria

14. Tunicate- Pyrosoma- bacterial symbiont (intracellular) Examples of fish that have bacterial photophores: Anglerfish (ceratioids) Pinecone fish (Monocentrids) Lantern eyes/flashlightfish (Anomalopids) Ponyfishes/slipmouths (Leiognathids) Ichthyococcus

15. Intrinsic photophores: 1.Widely distributed, ex. Cookie cutter shark 2.Numerous photophores 1000’s 3.Make own luminescence 4.Control output of light (on and off)

16. Control of Bioluminescence: They can control biolum intensity by controlling blood supply to light organ (i.e., control the amt of O 2 -- O 2 decreases light intensity decreases) Light control using a shield Lid Vascular control Rotation of organ

18. Reproductive advantage Countershading Escape and avoid predation Species recognition Feeding In evolution

21. Some mesopelagic copepod species are red/black in color. Why?

22. Malacosteus, possess a cheek photophore that emits a red light, which allows it to detect red animals.

23. squids- looking for mates.

24. Some predators can lure prey by mimicking signals of prey. Other predators dangle a lure to attract prey.

26. mid-water squid releases a bioluminescent cloud to startle and confuse predators. Photoblepharon- blink and run method.

27. Ctenophore

28. pterapods

29. Firefly squid Deep sea squid

30. Photophores on ventral surface Deep sea gulper

31. Deep sea viper fish

32. angler fish