1. Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice Chapter 7
The Effective Lesson
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2. Direct Instruction
“…lessons in which the teacher transmits information directly to students, structuring class time to reach a clearly defined set of objectives as efficiently as possible.” (p. 199)

3. How Direct Instruction Is Taught: State Learning Objectives
Identify Reasons for Teaching and Learning
Provide a Framework
Specify Responsibilities of Teachers and Students

4. How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Orient Students to the Lesson
Advance Organizer
Arouse Curiosity
Establish Expectations
Response Set
A Question or Problem
Relate Objective to Student Experience

5. How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Dealing With Lateness
Start on Time
Avoid Backtracking or Repeating
Let Students Know the Consequences of Being Late
Demonstrate That Course Content Takes Priority

6. How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Review Prerequisites
Link to Existing Information
Assess Students
Pre-Quiz
Informal Information Sharing

7. How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Present New Material
Progressive Differentiation
Five to Nine Concepts
Lesson Clarity
Multi-Sensory Explanations
Demonstrations, Models, and Illustrations (Authentic Learning)
Cooperative Learning

8. How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Conduct Learning Probes
Checks for Understanding
Question Types
Wait Time

9. Wait Time Associated With Questioning
Student is acknowledged and answers
Teacher reacts to student’s answer
Teacher question
Wait Time I
Wait Time II
Time

10. How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Conduct Learning Probes
Tactics for Questioning
Ask Only One Question at a Time
Wait for an Answer
Call on Students at Random
Choral Response
Ask for Questions
Plan Your Questions

11. How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Conduct Learning Probes
Why did we have a depression in the 1930’s?
What series of events led up to the stock market crash of 1929 and the high unemployment of the 1930’s?

12. How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Provide Independent Practice
Seat Work
Practice, Self-Assessment, and Teacher Assessment

13. Find the Cost Game 1 Game 2 $8 $6 $3 $7 $3 $6 $10 $4 $9 $5 $11 $9 $7$2 $5 $6 $4
Game 1
Game 2
Choose two animals
Find the Cost
Locate the sum on the game board
Mark it with and X or O
Three marks in a line wins $8 $6 $3 $7 $3 $6
$10 $4 $9 $5
$11 $9 $7
$11 $5
$10 $8 $4

14. How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Assess and Provide Feedback
Assessing Individual Lessons: Questioning, Independent Work, Quizzes
Every Lesson Should Have Some Type of Assessment
More Assessments = Higher Achievement

15. How Direct Instruction Is Taught: Distributed Practice and Review
Retention Increased by Review Spaced Out Over Time
Achievement Increased by Homework

16. Cognitive Teaching Strategies: Transfer of Learning
Goal of Teaching?
Goal of Learning?
How Can We Teach Effectively
Give Many Examples
Analogies
Elaboration
Review and Practice

17. Transfer of Learning
The Horse Question…