1. Soontae Kim and Daewon W. Byun Comparison of Emission Estimates from SMOKE and EPS2 Used for Studying Houston-Galveston Air Quality Institute for Multidimensional Air Quality Studies (IMAQS) University of Houston Institute for Multidimensional Air Quality Studies (IMAQS) University of Houston - Based on Area/Nonroad, Point and Biogenic emissions in Texas Emissions Inventory

2. Spatial allocation Backgrounds Outline Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies Emissions processing with SMOKE & EPS2 Biogenic emissions Examples of CMAQ results Chemical speciation Temporal allocation Houston-Galveston area, Texas EI BEIS3 & GloBEIS3

3. Non-attainment area due to high ground-level ozone concentrations Several air quality modeling studies Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies The Houston-Galveston Area Louisiana HGA The Gulf of Mexico The ship channel area Downtown Houston Offshore emissions Major NEGU point sources Available Emissions Inventories CMAQ, CAMx and etc. National - NET96, NEI99 from U.S. EPA State - Texas Emissions Inventory from TCEQ (Texas Commission on TCEQ (Texas Commission on Environmental Quality) Environmental Quality) Emissions processing systems SMOKE - NET96, NEI99 EPS2 - Texas Emission Inventory (TEI)

4. Source type NOx (tons/day) VOC (tons/day) NEI99 1) TEI 2) NEI99TEI On-road mobile 353246255156 Area/Nonroad mobile 192193227241 Point521490152 327 (178) 3) 8-County total anthropogenic emissions 1066929633 724 (575) Data sources: 1) National – Calculated based on U.S. EPA NEI 1999 final version 2 2) State – TCEQ documents (available at ftp://ftp.tnrcc.state.tx.us/pub/OEPAA/ TAD/ 2) State – TCEQ documents (available at ftp://ftp.tnrcc.state.tx.us/pub/OEPAA/ TAD/ Modeling/HGAQSE/Modeling/Doc/TSD_PHASE1/attachment3-emissions_inventory.pdf ) Modeling/HGAQSE/Modeling/Doc/TSD_PHASE1/attachment3-emissions_inventory.pdf ) 3) Parenthesis presents regular case emissions. 3) Parenthesis presents regular case emissions. Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies NEI99 & Texas EI For the HGA 8-county <>

5. Emissions Inventory Processing Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies AQMs input-ready emissions Temporal allocation Spatial allocation Chemical speciation Emissions Inventory Depend on cross-reference & profile files Same processes in SMOKE & EPS2 Different inputs for SMOKE & EPS2 Present different AQM-ready emissions

6. Objectives Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies Texas EI was processed for the HGA 2-km grid domain (166 x 130 cells) during the period of the TexAQS 2000 Experiment (Aug. 23 rd - Sept. 1 st, 2000). Focusing on the effects of differences in cross- reference and profile files. SMOKE and EPS2 used U.S. EPA’s and TCEQ’s cross- reference and profile files, respectively. Compare two emission modeling systems, SMOKE and EPS2, to identify uncertainties arising during each step of processing; spatial gridding, chemical speciation and temporal allocation BEIS3 and GloBEIS3 were also compared.

7. SMOKE & EPS2: General comparison ProcessEPS2 Spatialallocation Chemicalspeciation Temporalallocation Biogenic U.S. EPA’s 15 surrogates. New surrogating system (64 srgs) are applicable. No surrogates for off-shore emissions. Nationwide spilt factors. Mostly depends on SCC. Separate treatments for PO and hourly emissions. Additional profiles for hourly emissions prepared. BEIS3, BELD3 / MM5 SMOKE Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies TCEQ has developed 27 surrogates. Unique surrogates for the HGA including off-shore surrogates. Uses Plant ID, Stack ID, SCC & FIPS for points. PO/hourly emissions at the same time. No diurnal variation for NEGU point emissions. GloBEIS3, Texas LULC / Observed met. data

8. Surrogates used for EPS2 Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies SurrogateSurrogate Population Urban population Rural population Commercial airports General airports SMOKE 1) Gas stations Dry cleaner Restaurants Residential area Forest Military airports County yards WaterShipsHarbors CanalRailroad Auto body shops Marine coating facilities Offshore Shipping lanes Platforms Agriculture Commercial & industrial Commercial & residential Oil and gas wells (Inland) Offshore oil and gas wells SMOKE A, B - B B - -- BBBB BB-- --- Note: 1) A – Included in U.S. EPA’s 15 surrogates. B – Included in U.S. EPA’s 64 surrogates (New surrogating system). B – Included in U.S. EPA’s 64 surrogates (New surrogating system).

9. Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies Difference in Surrogates Population TCEQ (US Census Bureau, 2000) SMOKETOOL (Shp1996; US Census Bureau, 1990) MIMS Spatial allocator (Shp2003; US Census Bureau, 2000)

10. Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies Unique surrogates for the HGA Offshore oil and gas wells Platforms Shipping lanes Marine coating facilities Auto body shops Restaurants From TCEQ’s surrogates

11. EPS2 SMOKE Example of Spatial Allocation Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies Without offshore surrogates from TCEQ Area/Nonroad mobile emissions: NO

12. EPS2 SMOKE Example of Spatial Allocation Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies After implementing TCEQ’s surrogates for offshore emissions. Area/Nonroad mobile emissions: NO

13. EPS2 SMOKE Example of Spatial Allocation Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies Area/Nonroad mobile emissions: ETH

14. Chemical Speciation 1 1 Split factors (Chemical speciation profile) Applied to lumped VOC species (CB-IV mechanism). SMOKE assigns SCC-related profile codes provided by U.S. EPA. EPS2 uses SCC, FIPS code, Plant ID and Stack ID to assign profile codes developed by TCEQ. Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies 2 2 Example of split factors 3.72E-02-------5.54E-052.95E-02-EPA(TOG) -1.61E-050.00E+001.09E-041.55E-022.37E-041.07E-053.64E-051.69E-041.57E-028.04E-03TCEQ(VOC)NRISOPETOHMEOHETHALD2FORMXYLTOLPAROLE NEGU point - SCC 30118701: Chemical Manufacturing, Ethylene: General (FIPS 48000) Split factors for point source emissions show large differences. Units: mol/kg

15. Example of Chemical Speciation Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies

16. Temporal Allocation 1 1 Peak ozone day and annual average emissions Area & nonroad mobile and regular point emissions. SMOKE uses U.S. EPA’s profiles. EPS2 uses Texas-specified profiles. Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies 2 2 Hourly emissions Supplementary and special point emissions. No Profiles are used.  No difference in SMOKE and EPS2. Source- and hour-specific profiles are prepared for SMOKE based on emission patterns.

17. Example of Temporal Allocation Area emissions Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies

18. Example of Temporal Allocation Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies Nonroad mobile emissions

19. Example of Temporal Allocation Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies EGU point emissions

20. Example of Temporal Allocation Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies NEGU point emissions

21. Biogenic emissions: different inputs 1 1 Land use land cover data SMOKE uses BELD3 provided by U.S. EPA for BEIS3. TCEQ developed Texas LULC data for GloBEIS3. ( e.g. Texas Forest Service, …) Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies 2 2 Meteorological data SMOKE uses MM5 / MCIP output. GloBEIS3 uses the observed temperatures. TCEQ uses Photosynthetically Active Solar Radiation fields processed thru GOES satellite data analysis.

22. Split factors in BEIS3 and GloBEIS3 Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies 1 1MONOTERPINES 2 2OVOCs Species BEIS3 2) (mole/kg) OLEPARXYLALD2NR GloBEIS3 1) (mole/kg) 4.17 4.1770.83 - - 7.4 7.453.2 0.329 0.329 6.2 6.2 0.311 0.311 Species BEIS3 (mole/kg) OLEPARFORMALD2ETHMEOHETOHNRTERPB GloBEIS3 (mole/kg) 4.17 4.1750.00 -12.50 - - - - 8.33 8.33 4.3 4.312.8 1.2 1.2 3 2.1 2.14521 1.29 1.29 - Data sources: 1) Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, 2002: Attachment 3 – Emissions Inventory Development and Modeling for the August 25-September 1, 2000 Episode November 15, 2002. Development and Modeling for the August 25-September 1, 2000 Episode November 15, 2002. 2) Calculated based on GSPRO profiles for ‘BV309’. 2) Calculated based on GSPRO profiles for ‘BV309’.

23. Biogenic emissions: ISOP GloBEIS3 (TCEQ) BEIS3 Biogenic 4km, GloBEIS3 & BEIS3, TexAQS 2000 Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies

24. Biogenic emissions: OLE GloBEIS3 (TCEQ) BEIS3 Biogenic 4km, GloBEIS3 & BEIS3, TexAQS 2000 Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies

25. Biogenic emissions: ETH GLOBEIS3 (TCEQ) BEIS3 Biogenic 4km, GloBEIS3 & BEIS3, TexAQS 2000 Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies No speciation No speciation  No emissions!!

26. Biogenic emissions Biogenic 4km, GLOBEIS3 & BEIS3, TexAQS 2000 Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies

27. Domain total emissions: OLE Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies The SMOKE system(BEIS3) The EPS2 system (GloBEIS3) Biogenicemissions

28. Domain total emissions: ETH Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies The SMOKE system(BEIS3) The EPS2 system (GloBEIS3) No biogenic emissions!! Biogenicemissions

29. Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies CMAQ results: Daily Max. O3 Concentration

30. Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies 06AM (CST) 09AMNoon 03PM06PM09PM CMAQ results: O3(EPS2+GB3) – O3(SMOKE+B3)

31. Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies 06AM (CST) 09AMNoon 03PM06PM09PM CMAQ results: O3(EPS2+GB3) – O3(SMOKE+GB3)

32. Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies 06AM (CST) 09AMNoon 03PM06PM09PM CMAQ results: O3(SMOKE+B3) – O3(SMOKE+GB3)

33. Conclusions After CMAQ simulations using TEI, the SMOKE and EPS2 systems present more than 20 ppb differences in localized ambient ozone concentrations for the HGA. Different VOC split factors including land use land cover and meteorological data present different biogenic emissions in BEIS3 and GloBEIS3. Surrogates, chemical split factors and temporal profiles will be harmonized to test the system algorithm differences in SMOKE and EPS2 in the near future. SMOKE and EPS2 present different emission rates of each VOC species for Texas EI after spatial allocation, chemical speciation, and temporal allocation due to different inputs of cross-reference and profile data. Institute for Multi-dimensional Air Quality Studies BEIS3 will reprocessed with PAR, LULC and temperature data used in GloBEIS3.