1.  starter activity In the centre of the room are cards relating to the discovery of Germ Theory. Get yourself into teams of 6. Each team captain should then find 6 different cards, take them back to their team and organise themselves in chronological order as quickly as possible. If any team has less than 6 they will have a 10 second head start. Angry germ!

2. How important was Robert Koch? To understand the importance of Robert Koch in developing ways to study germs  Aims

3.  Your task Either read or listen to the interview with Robert Koch. p. 128. Either read or listen to the interview with Robert Koch. p. 128. Try to guess what question he was asked each time. Try to guess what question he was asked each time.

4.  Your task What answer do you think Koch would give to these questions: What answer do you think Koch would give to these questions: What is your greatest achievement? What is your greatest achievement? How will your research help people find cures for disease? How will your research help people find cures for disease? What was the most important factor in your success? What was the most important factor in your success?

5. Koch’s greatest achievement Identified the bacterium caused anthrax Identified the bacterium caused anthrax Other bacteria, e.g. typhoid, TB, cholera identified in same way Other bacteria, e.g. typhoid, TB, cholera identified in same way Developed a technique to cultivate bacteria and used dyes to make them visible Developed a technique to cultivate bacteria and used dyes to make them visible

6. How Koch’s research will help find other cures Developed a technique for identifying and testing the presence of germs over several generations of animals Developed a technique for identifying and testing the presence of germs over several generations of animals Created a better medium for growing bacteria – solid medium in Petri dishes Created a better medium for growing bacteria – solid medium in Petri dishes Used a purple stain to identify the bacteria Used a purple stain to identify the bacteria

7. Secret of his success Built on previous knowledge (Pasteur & Co.) Built on previous knowledge (Pasteur & Co.) Repeated experiments to check results (through 20 generations of mice) Repeated experiments to check results (through 20 generations of mice) Improved testing technology, e.g. developing cultures & dyes Improved testing technology, e.g. developing cultures & dyes Received government funding Received government funding Work with a team of bacteriologists Work with a team of bacteriologists Robert Koch, German scientist in his laboratory

8.  Your task Read pp. 130-1 very carefully. Read pp. 130-1 very carefully. What factors led to the development of the new vaccinations? What factors led to the development of the new vaccinations? Design your own germ and draw it in the centre of your page. Around it create a spider diagram identifying the reasons why diseases were discovered at this time. Include the following categories: observation, new technology, medical knowledge, research teams, individual genius, chance, governments, warfare, other reasons Design your own germ and draw it in the centre of your page. Around it create a spider diagram identifying the reasons why diseases were discovered at this time. Include the following categories: observation, new technology, medical knowledge, research teams, individual genius, chance, governments, warfare, other reasons

9. Reasons for the discovery of diseases Observation – P conducted experiments using sterile flasks in different locations, identifying that particles in air caused decay Observation – P conducted experiments using sterile flasks in different locations, identifying that particles in air caused decay New technologies – K developed better ways of growing bacteria & stains to identify them; P & K used new microscope developed by Lister New technologies – K developed better ways of growing bacteria & stains to identify them; P & K used new microscope developed by Lister Medical Knowledge – P called his method of immunising chickens against cholera ‘vaccination’ after Jenner Medical Knowledge – P called his method of immunising chickens against cholera ‘vaccination’ after Jenner

10. Reasons for the discovery of diseases Research teams – P used teams of vets & doctors; K used teams of bacteriologists Research teams – P used teams of vets & doctors; K used teams of bacteriologists Individual genius – P said, ‘chance favours the mind which is prepared’; he built on Jenner’s work Individual genius – P said, ‘chance favours the mind which is prepared’; he built on Jenner’s work Chance – chicken cholera solution left exposed showed that germs were weakened by exposure to air Chance – chicken cholera solution left exposed showed that germs were weakened by exposure to air

11. Governments – P received money from French govt Governments – P received money from French govt Warfare - rivalry between Fr & Germany spurred on new discoveries Warfare - rivalry between Fr & Germany spurred on new discoveries Other reasons – better communications; pressure to improve agriculture led to anthrax vaccine Other reasons – better communications; pressure to improve agriculture led to anthrax vaccine

12. Plenary Plenary What do you think was the most important factor contributing to the development of germ theory? What do you think was the most important factor contributing to the development of germ theory?

13.  Homework Use your spider diagram to write an essay of 1 side of A4 in answer to this question: Use your spider diagram to write an essay of 1 side of A4 in answer to this question: “Why were the causes of disease finally discovered in the 1860s and 1870s?” “Why were the causes of disease finally discovered in the 1860s and 1870s?” Remember to include an introduction, use topic paragraphs and reach a conclusion. Remember to include an introduction, use topic paragraphs and reach a conclusion. Use detailed evidence from p.128-132. Use detailed evidence from p.128-132. Avoid telling the story, but identify factors Avoid telling the story, but identify factors

15.  Extension task Visit the History Learning website to find out more about Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur. Visit the History Learning website to find out more about Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur. Write an imaginary interview with Pasteur Write an imaginary interview with Pasteur