1. Introduction to microbiology. Morphology of microorganisms Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University/ Department of microbiology

2. Microbiology is a great complex of biological sciences about microorganisms Branches of microbiology Basic or general microbiology Industrial microbiology and biotechnology Pharmaceutical microbiology Agricultural microbiology Veterinary microbiology Sanitary microbiology (microbiology of food, water, soil and air) Medical microbiology

3. Branches of medical microbiology Bacteriology Mycology Virology Protozoology

4. Medical microbiology Infectious microbiology Clinical microbiology Immunology

5. Taxonomy of microorganisms Classification Nomenclature (binominal system ) Systematic

6. Ranks of hierarchical arrangement Kingdom Division Class Order Family Tribe Genus Species

7. Main methods of classification Molecular or geneticsPhenotypic classification

8. Intraspecies classification Biotype Serotype Phagotype

9. Present classification of microorganisms Cellular microorganisms non-cellular microorganisms Superkingdom Eucaryotae Procaryotae Kingdom Animalia Fungi Eubacteriae Protozoa Kingdom Vira Canonical viruses Non-canonical viruses

10. Methods of morphology investigation Light microscopy : Immersion microscopy Dark-field microscopy Phase-contrast microscopy Electron microscopy Luminescent microscopy

11. Main morphological signs of micro- organisms  Shape Size Cell arrangement Tinctorial properties Structure:  Capsule  Structure of cell wall  Flagella  Endospores

12. Cocci. Micrococci Diplococci Tetracocci Streptococci Sarcinae Staphylococci

13. Rod-shaped forms Bacteria Bacilli Clostridia

14. Spiral-shaped bacteria. Vibrio Spirilla Spirochaetes Thread-shaped bacteria

15. Main differences of the cell structure Type of cellprocaryoteseucaryotes size1-10 µm10-100 µm genom exhibited Nucleoid is not separeted from cytoplasm 1 chromosome (circular) Nucleus Have a nuclear membrane A few chromosomes (linear) Mitochondriaabsentpresent Apparatus Golgiabsentpresent Endoplasmatic reticulum absentpresent ribosomeWithin cytoplasm 70S (50S+30S) into ЕPR 80S (60S+40S) Cell wallpeptidoglycanecellulose endospores +—

16. Structure of the bacteria Cell envelope: - capsule - Cell wall - Cytoplasmic membrane Outside appendages: - flagella - Pili or fimbria Inside structure: - cytoplasm - nucleoid - ribosomes - mesosomes - Intracellular inclusion

17. Features of the structure Gram- positive cell wall

18. Feature of the structure Gram- negative cell envelope

19. Flagella

20. Motile bacteria may be divided into: 1.Creeping 2.Swimming (1) monotrichous, (2) amphitrichous, (3) lophotrichous, (4) peritrichous

22. Pili or fimbriae 1. Common-pili 2. F – pili or sex-pili

23. Methods for flagella revealing Direct methods (microscopy) Indirect methods wet-mount hanging-drop techniques

24. Intracytoplasmatic inclusions. Volutin granules

25. Endospores Endospores

27. Historical development of microbiology Period before microorganisms were seen Micrographic period (from the middle of 17th century to the middle of 18th century ; A.van Leeuwenhoek ) Physiological period (19th century: L. Pasteur, R. Koch) Immunological period (first part of 20th century: G.Bordet, I.I.Metchnikoff, P.Ehrlich, D.I.Ivanowsky): development of immunology and the start of development of the virology) Modern (now-day) period (development of molecular immunology, genetic engineering, immunochemistry, microbial genetics and other parts of microbiology)

28. Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) He was the first person who observed and described microorganisms (he named their as “animalcules”) He constructed first microscope with magnification about 50 to 300 times

29. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) He established that fermentation was the result of microbial activity He introduced techniques of sterilization and made steam sterilizer, hot air oven, and autoclave He showed that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation He elaborated methods of pathogenic microorganisms attenuation He developed rabies vaccine and anthrax one

30. Robert Koch (1843-1910) He elaborated methods of staining and cultivation of microorganisms He discovered causative agents of anthrax (1877), cholera (1883) and tubercle bacillus (1882) He proposed techniques for pure culture isolation He elaborated criteria for proving relationship between a microorganism and a specific diseases (Koch's postulates)  The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent in healthy organism  The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture  The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host  The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host