1. The 18 th Century By: Alex Hughes Colin Buttone Tyler David Taylor Pratt

2. Dates 1800 Sir Humphry announces his invention for the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide. 1816 René Laennec invents the stethoscope James Blundell performs the first blood transfusion 1846 first painless surgery with anesthetic 1879 first vaccine for cholera 1881 Louis Pasteur develops a vaccine for anthrax 1882 Louis Pasteur develops a vaccine for rabies 1897 aspirin is invented

3. Politics During the 18 th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions. Philosophy and science increased in prominence.

4. Religion Buddhism Christianianity Lutheran Islam Judaism Jainism Protestanism Anglicanism

5. Economics For economics they had Mercantilism is a trade and monetary system in which the government controls every aspect in trade. This increased the intake of money and maintained a favorable balance of trade with the rest of the world.

6. Sir Humphry Davy Born in December 17, 1778 Died in May 29, 1829 The Medical Pneumatic Institution of Bristol was devoted to the study of the medical value of various gases, and it was here that Davy first made his reputation. He studied the oxides of nitrogen and discovered the physiological effects of nitrous oxide, which became known as laughing gas. He “breathed 16 quarts of the gas in seven minutes” and became “completely intoxicated” with it. He invented nitrous oxide. (laughing gas)

7. Rene Laennec Born February 17 th, 1781 Died on August 13 th, 1826 He invented the stethoscope because he couldn’t feel a patients heartbeat because his patient was obese. He is a French physician who invented the stethoscope in 1816.

8. James Blundell Born January 19 th, 1791 Died on January 15 th, 1878 In 1818, Blundell determined that a blood transfusion would be appropriate for the hemorrhage operation. Since he had seen many of his patients die from childbirth, he had to think of a remedy. The work of John Leacock, who said the transfer of blood from one to another could be harmful. He did a series of experiments using animals, and observed that as long as the blood was transfused quickly, a transfusion would be successful with a syringe even after it is in the container. He too, discovered the importance to let all the air out of the syringe before the transfusion. He was an English obstetrician who performed the first blood transfusion on a guy who had a hemorrhage.

9. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch Louis Pasteur was born on December 27 th, 1822,and died September 28 th,1895 Robert Koch was born in December 11 th 1843. Then, died May 27 th, 1910 Pasteur’s work was revolutionary in suggesting the link between germs and disease. This led the way for Robert Koch to later prove this theory and also discover how each type of germ caused a specific disease. Koch established the methods that scientists need to satisfy before a particular bacteria can be accepted as causing a specific disease, these are known as “Koch’s postulates.”

10. Ronald Ross Born in India in May 13, 1857 Died September 16 th, 1932 in London Ross collected and identified various kinds of mosquitoes, dissected their insides and in August 1897 found his quarry in Anopheles mosquito that had just fed on a malaria patient. He discovered malaria cysts containing sporozoites in the stomach wall of anopheline mosquitoes that fed on a malaria patient. By July 1898, malaria transmission through the mosquito was established. He was a British physician who discovered the links between mosquitoes and Malaria

11. Felix Hoffman Born January 21 st, 1868 in Germany He died February 8 th, 1916 in Switzerland He made some of the formula and gave it to is father who was suffering from the pain of arthritis. With good results, he then convinced Bayer to market the new drug. The people at Bayer came up with the name Aspirin, it comes from the ‘A’ in acetyl chloride, the “spir” in spiraea ulmaria (the plant they derived the salicylic acid from) and the “in” was a familiar name ending for medicines. He was a German Chemist credited for the first medically useful forms of Aspirin and Heroin