1. Focus Question Why do people tend to separate into groups? What critieria are used to form these groups?

2. THE BIRTH OF JIM CROW The Segregated South

4. Redemption Era Without federal troops, Reconstruction governments collapsed Old Planter elites reclaimed political power Chased out Republican and Black officials Began to rewrite electoral rules Did not amend state constitutions for 20 years

5. Rolling Back on Voting Limit Black representation Poll Tax Literacy Test However, poor whites caught by this Grandfather Clause Promoting White Supremacy

8. Growth of the Black Middle Class In Southern towns, a Black professional class develops Shop owners Lawyers Doctors Teachers

9. Concerns Arise Black Middle Class is a threat Educated Respectful positions Hold a certain amount of wealth Successful In many ways, at a higher social class than poor whites.

10. Railroad Southern railroads divided into two sections First class Nice accommodations Gentile conduct Second class Rude and rough accommodations Place for men to smoke and drink

11. Social Conventions Second Class was not acceptable for women No one, white or black, wanted their women in the second class car. Few businessmen wanted to be in the second class car. Unchaperoned white women with successful Black men Draws a concern for Southern social custom

12. Southern White Fear Fear develops of relations between white women and black men Laws passed to separate the races in “home” settings Railcars Schools Theaters Quickly expanded

13. Challenged Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Homer Plessy was 1/8 th Black Bought a first class ticket Forced to the Second class car Filed Suit

14. Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decided case Ruled that “separate but equal” facilities were constitutional 8 to 1 decision “Jim Crow” laws began to spring up all over, going much further than “home-like” settings

15. Different Paths Different paths to equality proposed Booker T. Washington Farming and Mechanics Stress economic equality W.E.B. DuBois Promotion of the “Talented Tenth” Stress civic equality