1. Chloroplasts Cell walls Seedless, but vascular Monocots & dicots
NonvascularGametangia,
need water to reproduce
Chloroplasts
Cell walls
Seedless, but vascular
Monocots &
dicots

2. Adaptations to Terrestrial Life
Stomata(gas exchange)
Cuticle(prevention water loss)
Lignin(support)
Gametangia & seeds (reproduction)
Pollen(reproduction)
Vascular tissue(support & transport)-xylem & phloem
Roots(water acquisition, support)
Seed dispersal mechanisms

3. General Structure

4. Plants- General Characteristics
Terrestrial
Photosynthetic
Alternation of generations

5. charophyte

6. bryophytes

7. pteridophytes

8. gymnosperms

9. angiosperms

10. Plant Morphology Organs  tissues  cells Leaves dermal parenchyma
Stems vascular collenchyma
Roots ground sclerenchyma
meristematic

11. Tissues Dermal Vascular Ground Outer covering Protective
Epidermal cells (cuticle)
Guard cells
Root hairs
Vascular
Transport & support
Xylem & phloem
Ground
Bulk of plant
Photosynthesis, storage,
support

12. 4. Meristematic Embryonic tissue-grows throughout life of plant
Roots, shoots, stem(lateral)

13. Cell Types Found in all 3 tissue types phloem
Found in vascualr bundles
Thicker cell walls
Include
Fibers-bundles, support
Scleroids-nut shells, seeds
Tracheids & vessels of
xylem
Heavy lignin

14. sclerenchyma
collenchyma
parenchyma

16. Stems
Functions
Transport between roots & leaves
Storage
support

17. Stems-basic structure
Epidermis
Cuticle, stoma, photosynthetic
Body mostly parenchyma
Support tissues-collenchyma & sclerenchyma
Vascular tissues in bundles
Scattered (monocots) or in rings (dicots)
Can grow up or out

18. Monocot stems
scattered

19. Epidermis______

20. Dicot Stems
In ring, around pith

22. Secondary growth-woody dicots only
Produce a new layer of xylem & phloem each year
Vascular cambium divides & differentiates
Epidermis becomes cork cells, part of bark, along w/ phloem

23. Vascular cambium-
undifferentiated cells
Pith & cortex
parenchyma for storage
Phloem & xylem rays
Transport H2O & nutrients
Laterally
Primary xylem & phloem
Non-functioning
Cork cambium
Produces cork cells which replace epidermis-secrete suberin & die
Bark
Phloem(living & dead), cork cambium & cork
Periderm
Cork cambium & cork

24. Xylem =
oldest
Dead cells & suberin

25. How does secondary growth happen?
c=vascular cambium cell
D=undifferentiated product of mitosis
X=xylem
P=phloem

27. Roots Differentiation complete 1st stage of differentiation
Responsible for lengthening of root
1st stage of
differentiation
Protection/lubrication

28. Root Functions Anchoring Take up water & minerals 1st part to develop
2 types
Taproot(dicot)
Fibrous(monocot)

29. Basic Structure
Epidermis(dermal)-covers entire surface, including hairs
Absorption, protection
No cuticle
Cortex-mainly parenchyma
No chloroplast, but has storage plastids
Stele/vascular cylinder
Surrounded by endodermis-cells are highly selective
Xylem & phloem inside
Casparian strip
Pericycle
Pith(monocots)
Thru cell walls
Thru cytoplasm

30. Lateral branch from pericycle

31. Differences between monocots & dicots

32. Monocots

33. __________endodermis
____________pericycle

34. Dicots ________ epidermis __________________ cortex Vascular
Cylinder___
Endodermis___________
________________xylem
Pericycle________________
________________phloem

35. Leaves Functions Photosynthesis Maximize sunlight exposure
Gas exchange
Water conservation

36. Special Leaf Adaptations
Specialized photosynthetic cells
Shape-most are broad & flat
Stomata
Pointed-water run off
Needle-shaped-cold & wind
Succulents-water storage

37. General Structure Outer leaf Cuticle(cutin) Epidermis(upper & lower)
Stomata & guard cells
Inner leaf
Mesophyll
Palisade parenchyma
Densely packed, columnar, upper surface only
Spongy parenchyma
Irregular shapes, large spaces for gas diffusion
Bundle-sheath cells(C4 plants)
Vascular bundles/veins

39. Monocots vs Dicots Monocots Dicots Parallel veins
No palisade layer
Vascular bundles appear scattered under ‘scope
Dicots
One large central vein, smaller veins branching off (perpendicular)
Palisade layer distinct

40. monocot
monocot
dicot

42. Palisade layer_______
_________spongy
layer
Main vein________

43. Leaf epidermis

44. General Structure cont…

45. fibers