1. Staying “afloat” in air? Strong support tissue, lignin
Describe four challenges to plants living on land and how the plants have adapted
How to Get Nutrients from land and air? Shoots (stems and leaves) and roots.
Staying “afloat” in air? Strong support tissue, lignin

2. Describe four challenges to plants living on land and how the plants have adapted.
Retaining moisture. Waxy cuticle and stomata (pores) surrounded by guard cells
Reproducing in air – internal fertilization and embryo development.
Seeds enclosed in protective “jackets”
Pollen so sperm won’t dry out

3. Identify the four major groups of plants and their major characteristics.

4. Ferns, horsetails, club mosses
Describe the characteristics of a pteridophyte, and give three examples of these plants.
Vascular plants(have xylem and phloem) that do not produce seeds, they reproduce by spores
Ferns, horsetails, club mosses

5. What three structures do all vascular plants have?
Roots
Stems
Leaves

6. List the four main groups of gymnosperms.
Ginkos
Conifers
Cycads
Gnetophytes

7. What does a “naked” seed mean?
Not enclosed in an ovary

8. Flowers – attract pollinators
Describe 2 unique features of angiosperms and how these features help the plants.
Flowers – attract pollinators
Fruit – protection of seeds, nutrition of seeds, helps with dispersal

9. Characterize the two largest evolutionary branches of angiosperms
Characterize the two largest evolutionary branches of angiosperms. Describe their differences.
Monocot
Dicot
Single cotyledon
Parallel veins in leaves
Double cotyledon
Veined leaves

10. Food Animal Food Clothing Fuel Ornamental
Describe ways that humans depend on angiosperms. Name one way you utilized an angiosperm today.
Food
Animal Food
Clothing
Fuel
Ornamental

11. Define “Fruit”
Ripened ovary of a flower

12. Relate the structures of a flower to their reproductive functions, and indicate whether the structure is male, female, or neither.

13. Describe root and shoot structures and functions
Vascular tissue, transport of nutrients and wastes, photosynthesis.

14. What are the two functions of vascular tissue?
Transport
Structural support

15. Describe three main plant tissues systems
Dermal Tissue: Outer covering or “skin” of the plant
Vascular Tissue: transports water, mineral nutrients, and organic molecules between roots and shoots (ex. xylem and phloem)
Ground Tissue: tissue in-between dermal and vascular tissue that functions in photosynthesis, storage and support.

16. Describe the two types of vascular tissue and their specific functions
Xylem
Phloem
Transports water and dissolved minerals up
Transports food from leaves to parts of plants that photosynthesize

17. Trace the path of nitrogen from the atmosphere to a plant’s roots

18. Explain how water loss from a plant is regulated
Waxy cuticle
Stomata = microscopic pores found on the under side of leaves that open and close
Stomata
Closed
Stomata
Open