1. Classification of Plants CHAPTER 28

2. Plant Kingdom
Non-flowering Plants
Flowering Plants

3. Non - flowering Plants Do NOT produce flowers
. 3 groups
Non - flowering Plants
Mosses
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Do NOT produce flowers

4. A plant can be divided into 3 parts

5. Examples of Mosses

6. Spore-producing capsule
Moss
spores

7. Characteristics of Mosses
.Simplest plants
.No true roots, No vascular tissues (no transport)
.Simple stems & leaves
.Spores from capsules (wind-dispersal)
.Have rhizoids for anchorage
.Damp terrestrial land

8. Fern

9. A leaf (finely divided into small parts)
Fern
A leaf (finely divided into small parts)
underground stem
root

10. spore-producing
organs
(circinate)
young leaf

11. Characteristics of Ferns
.roots, feathery leaves & underground stems
.have vascular tissues (transport & support)
.Spore-producing organ on the underside of leaves (reproduction)
.Damp & shady places

12. Gymnosperms
Pine
tree

13. needle-shaped leaves

14. Male cones (in clusters) Female cones (scattered)

15. Characteristics of Gymnosperms
.tall evergreen trees
.roots, woody stems
.needle-shaped leaves
.vascular tissues (transport)
.cones with reproductive structures
.naked seeds in female cones
.dry places

16. Flowering Plants . 2 groups Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
. roots, stems, leaves
. vascular tissues (transport)
. flowers, fruits (contain seeds)

17. Monocotyledons
Parallel veins

18. Characteristics of Monocotyledons
. one seed-leaf
leaves have parallel veins
. herbaceous plants
. e.g. grass, maize

19. Dicotyledons
Veins in network

20. Characteristics of Dicotyledons
. two seed-leaves
. leaves have veins in network
. e.g. trees, sunflower, rose

21. Plant Classification Plants Non-flowering Flowering 1 seed-leaf
2 seed-leaves
Spore-bearing
Naked seeds
Monocots
Dicots
Gymnosperms
No roots
with roots
Mosses
Ferns

22. Plant Structure and Function CHAPTER 29

23. Stem
The main body of the portion above ground of a tree, shrub or herb.
The ascending plant axis.
Have buds.

24. Stem Functions Support of other plant organs. Ps.
Storage (water and food).

25. Modified Stems
1. Rhizomes
2. Stolons
3. Tubers
4. Tendrils

26. Rhizome An elongated underground horizontal stem.
Ex: Iris, many grasses

27. Stolon An elongated above-ground horizontal stem.
Ex: Strawberries Airplane Plant

28. Tuber A much-enlarged, short, fleshy underground stem tip.
Ex: Dahlia, Potato

29. Leaf Lateral outgrowths of the stem axis.
Primary photosynthetic organs.
Function:
Photosynthesis
Storage

30. Leaf Modifications 1. Tendrils: for support 2. Bulbs: for food storage
Ex: Peas
2. Bulbs: for food storage
Ex: Onion
3. Insect Catching Ex: Carnivorous Plants
4. Flowers: thought to be modified leaves.

31. Other Modifications of Leaves
Tendrils
Spines
Succulent Leaves
Bracts

32. Root The descending axis of a plant, normally below ground. Functions:
Anchorage.
Absorption of water and minerals.
Storage.

33. Root Types Taproot - one main root.
Ex: carrot
Fibrous Roots - many small roots of equal size.
Ex: grass roots

34. Other Root Types

35. Sexual Organs
1. Flowers
2. Fruits
3. Seeds

36. Flowers Modified leaves grouped together on a stem.
Sexual reproductive organs.
Function:
Sexual Reproduction

37. Fruit A mature ovary, sometimes including other floral parts.
Function:
Seed dispersal
Seed protection

38. Fruits

39. Seed Mature ovule containing the embryo and nutrient tissues.
Function:
Dispersal unit in sexual reproduction.

40. Main Tissue Systems
1. Dermal
2. Vascular
3. Ground

41. Dermal Tissue Epidermis or "skin" of the plant.
Often has a cuticle, a waxy coating to prevent water loss.
Functions:
Prevent water loss.
Water absorption (root hairs).

42. Vascular Tissue Made of Xylem and Phloem. Functions:
Transport and support
Xylem - Water
Phloem - Food

43. Phloem

44. Phloem Sieve Cell – alive when functioning, but lacks a nucleus.
Companion Cell – alive, controls itself and the sieve cell.

45. Root Hairs
Extensions of the epidermis to increase surface area for water absorption.
Not a true tissue.
Comment - root hairs are very delicate and must be continually replaced.

46. Root Hairs

47. Leaves
Stem outgrowths for Ps.
Leaf Morphology:
1. Gross
2. Fine

48. Gross Morphology Blade - the flattened portion of a leaf.
Petiole - stalk of a leaf.

49. Axillary Buds
Blade
Petiole

50. Blade/Leaf Types
Simple - 1 blade.
Compound - Several blades.

51. Nodes and Internodes
Node - stem area where a leaf and bud are attached.
Internode - stem area between nodes.

52. Nodes }
Internode

53. Fine Morphology The tissues within a leaf. 1. Upper Epidermis
2. Mesophyll
3. Lower Epidermis
4. Veins

54. Upper Epidermis Cuticle present. Usually 1 cell layer thick.
Cells w/o chloroplasts .
Function: protects the mesophyll.

55. Mesophyll 1. Palisade upright cells.
2. Spongy loosely organized cells with air spaces.
Function: major sites for Ps.
Epidermis
Epidermis

56. Lower Epidermis Cuticle present. Usually 1 cell layer.
Cells w/o chloroplasts.
Stomata present for gas exchange.

57. Stomata (mouth)
Regulated by Guard Cells which have chloroplasts.