3. A. CELL THEORY 1)All living things are made of one or more cells. 2)Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3)Living cells come only from other living cells.

4. These cells have a nucleus. Nucleus is a membrane covered organelle that holds the DNA. Examples are plant and animal cells. B)Two Types of Cells: These cells DO NOT have a nucleus. DNA exists in loops that floats freely in the cell. An example is bacteria

5. Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

6. Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

7. C)ANIMAL VS. PLANT CELLS: Large No Cell wall Small Vacuoles No Chloroplasts Cell wall Large Vacuoles Chloroplasts

8. 1) ORGANELLES: tiny organs in the cell. 2) CYTOPLASM: fluid filling inside the cell membrane. makes up the majority of cell’s mass. D)SOME CELL TERMS & STRUCTURES:

9. Organelles Cytoplasm

10. 3) CELL MEMBRANE controls movement of materials into and out of the cell holds cell together Cell membrane Animal Cell

11. Cell membrane Animal Cell Cell membrane made of special lipids called “phospholipids”

12. Cell membrane Animal Cell

13. One phospholipid molecule.

14. Cell membrane Animal Cell

15. A model of a section of phospholipid molecules that make up the cell membrane.

16. Cell wall Cell membrane Plant Cell

17. found in plant cells not animal cells provides strength and support for plant cells. made of cellulose (long chains of sugar molecules) 4) CELL WALL

18. 1) Nucleus: the control center of the cell stores DNA (a)nucleolus - dark spot inside the nucleus, which makes ribosomes. E)ORGANELLES OF CELLS:

19. Nucleus DNA Nucleolus Animal Cell Nuclear membrane

20. (b)nuclear membrane - controls movement of materials in and out of nucleus. (c) DNA - stores information for making proteins

21. 2) RIBOSOME tiny grain like particles usually found along the E.R. proteins are made here Ribosome Proteins Amino acids

23. Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Animal Cell

24. 3) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): makes lipids the delivery system of the cell for compounds such as proteins through its tubular connections.

25. 4) Mitochondria: the “Power House” of the cell releases energy packets of ATP for use in the cell. Mitochondria Outer membrane Inner membrane

26. Mitochondria

27. Organelles Cytoplasm

28. 5) Chloroplast: “Solar Panels” for capturing energy they use energy from sunlight to make food in plant cells (i.e. glucose). Outer membrane Inner membrane Chloroplast

29. Mitochondria

30. This is an example of a mesomorphic dicotyledonous foliage leaf. The midrib contains a single, large collateral vein. Here and on the lamina the upper epidermis (ADE) has a thick cuticle, the lower epidermis (LE) has a much thinner one - why do you think this is so? Note the mesophyll which is organized into a palisade (upper) and a spongy (lower) mesophyll. Palisade cells are arranged vertically, standing on their end walls, whilst spongy mesophyll is much more loosely and randomly arranged in this leaf. Note the large intercellular spaces (IS) between these cells and above the stomata. The vertical arrangement of the palisade cells means that many of the chloroplasts within the mesophyll cells are shaded from direct sunlight - thus reducing the number of mole quanta of light reaching them, and thus limiting light damage to the sensitive photosynthetic machinery within the chloroplasts themselves The two veins that you can see in this micrograph are embedded between the palisade and spongy mesophyll. They are therefore classified as minor veins. The vein on the left (inside the red ellipse) has been cut obliquely, and will join the one on the right at some point. Click here Click here to see an image of guard cells as seen with the transmission electron microscope.

41. Cell membrane Mitochondria Chloroplast Vacuole Plant Cell

42. Vacuole 6) Vacuole: “Storage Tanks” of the cell store water, food and waste. Animal Cell Plant Cell

43. 7) Golgi body: packages and transports materials out of the cell. Golgi complex Animal Cell

44. 8) Lysosome: “Clean-up and Recycling Crew” digest food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders. Lysosome Vesicle with food Animal Cell

46. Summary of organelles and their functions

47. Organelles Cytoplasm

48. White Blood Cells Red Blood Cells