1. THE WEAKENING OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Late 1700s: Selim III’s reforms resented by janissaries, 1807 revolt
1826: Mahmud II slaughters janissaries
1838: treaty opening up trade hurts artisans
: Tanzimat reforms: western style universities, transportation, communication, constitution of 1876
: Abdul Hamid – repression; infrastructure
1908: Coup; resistance by Young Turks; troubles faced by Young Turks
Loss of territory: (Greece, 1830; Serbia, 1867; Balkan territory, 1870s; threats from Russia and new Balkan states, late 1800s)

2. THE SUEZ CANAL
1869: The Canal was inaugurated by Khedive Ismail in a lavish ceremony. French, British, Russian, and other royalty were invited for the inauguration.
1882: British troops move in to protect the canal. External debts had forced Egypt to sell its share in the canal to Britain.
1956: Egypt nationalized the canal. Britain, France and Israel invaded, and the week-long Suez War ensued. The United Nations declared the canal Egyptian property.
: After the Six-Day War in 1967, the canal remained closed for eight years. A UN peacekeeping force has been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1974.

3. EARLY NATIONALISM IN EGYPT & SUDAN
1798: Napoleon’s invasion of Mamluk Egypt
1801: Muhammad Ali – limited reforms
1869: Suez Canal
: Khedive rule; growing division between Islamist and secularist resistance to European presence
1882: Coup; British back Khedive; indirect control
1870s: Mahdist resistance in Sudan
1898: British victory following Battle of Omdurman
Punch cartoon, The Khedive rides a donkey weighed down with debt.

5. 1842 and 1856: China loses Opium Wars
QING CHINA
1842 and 1856: China loses Opium Wars
1850s and ’60s: Taiping Rebellion
: Sino-Japanese war
: Repressive rule of Empress Cixi; Boxer Rebellion; increased power for European and Japanese forces
1911: End of Qing dynasty; warlords; merchants
Taiping Rebellion
1911: Sun Yat-sen
: Yuan Shikai; rising influence of Japan in China
1919: May Fourth Movement

6. EARLY INDIAN RESISTANCE
1857: An Indian soldier in the British army shot his commander for forcing Indian troops to use rifle cartridges greased with animal fat. The “mutiny” spread like wildfire and led to reinstatement of a Mughal emperor, but the Indians were defeated after six days of fighting. Within a couple of years, the rebellion was quelled throughout British India.
1858: The British government took over the reins from the East India Company in 1858.
1877: Queen Victoria crowned Empress of India
Late 1800s: Indian National Congress (no mass base); “drain of wealth” theory; Hindu nationalism
: Partition of Bengal
Rebellion of 1857
The Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II as a prisoner

7. NATIONALISM IN TWENTIETH- CENTURY INDIA
: Gandhi practised law in South Africa. Appalled by the racism and discrimination there, he cameup with the idea of “passive resistance”
1919: Amritsar Massacre. British troops fired on an unarmed political gathering, killing 379 and wounding 1,200. Many young Indians took to terrorist tactics in revenge.
1920s and ’30s: Satyagraha and swadeshi
Born in 1907, Bhagat Singh carried childhood memories of the Amritsar Massacre. Like many young Indians of his time, he resorted to terrorist tactics. He was hanged at the age of 23.
Gandhi outside his law office in Johannesburg, 1905

8. JAPANESE IMPERIALISM
: End of isolation
1868: Meiji era; industrialization
After 1879: Cultural and social conservatism; extreme nationalism
: Sino-Japanese war
1902: Alliance with Britain
: Russo-Japanese War
1910: Annexation of Korea

9. EUROPE
By 1907: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and Triple Entente (Britain, Russia, France)
1908: Austria annexes Bosnia-Hercegovina
Women’s suffrage: since 1830s in Britain and US; 1840s demand for right to vote; WSPU 1903
1914: War breaks out

11.
A WAR OF ATTRITION The battle of Verdun (1916) lasted ten months. It is estimated that over 700,000 people were dead, wounded, or missing. The battlefield was not even ten square kilometers. This is a dugout at the Mort-Homme, or Dead Man’s Hill, an important lookout for Allied soldiers.

12.
CHEMICAL WARFARE British soldiers in a machine gun nest, wearing anti-phosgene gas masks

13. Western Front, 1917 Gas masks for the chemical war

14.
Left: Russian soldier hanging on barbed wire. Right: Australian soldiers in a trench in Flanders, Belgium.

15.
Ypres, 1917

16.
HUMAN CONSEQUENCES Daughters of Belgian soldiers who died, at an orphanage in northern France, 1917.

17. For him the war is over. A lucky wound, 1916.
Source: Images of War: 130 years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (Hamburg: STERN-Buch im Verlag Gruner + Jahr AG & Co., 1983)

18. Faces of war Below:Veterans of the trenches Right:England, ca. 1918
Faces of war Below:Veterans of the trenches Right:England, ca A new face is matched up Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

19. Hamburg, ca. 1918 Teaching amputees how to walk
Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

20. Rehabilitation in Germany A soldier who has lost his arm practices marksmanship
Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

21. TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENTS, 1919-26

22. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

23. MIDDLE EAST AFTER WW1