2. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC) Imposing personalities

3. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC) Lecture contents Subjective Expected Utility Goal theory Self-discrepancy theory The origin and development of goals Personal strivings

4. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC) Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) Edward Tolman Impressed with persistence until nature of action. Suggestive of expectancies that persistence will lead to valued outcomes. Julian Rotter Behaviour potential (likelihood of performance) is a function of (subjective) expectancy (expected consequences) and (subjective) reinforcement value (of those consequences). Consequence probability and value to be calculated for each possible behaviour. Most research looks at choice among a limited number of action options.

5. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC) Goal theory 1. Goals and plans Goals: persistent, valued, possible, necessary Plans: instrumental, contingent 2. The A(?)BC of goal-motivated behaviour Cognitive representation of plans and goals, plus Expectation that goal attainment will be valuable Expectation is a cognition. –(Rewarding/valuable) Goal necessarily affective? –Affect necessary as a cause of ertia? Behaviour potential. 3. Goals occur in systems

6. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC) Means and Ends Pham & Taylor (1999) Mental simulation of good process, good outcome, both, or neither. Including process improved hours studying and studying intention-behaviour deficit. Sole outcome focus worsened exam score. Important jargon Multidetermination Goals interact to produce single outcomes. Equipotentiality The same goal may be satisfied in various ways. Equifinality Different goals can be satisfied by the same outcome.

7. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC) Higgins (1989) self-discrepancy theory

8. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC) Motivation from goals and progress evaluation Bandura & Cervone (1983)

9. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC) Motivation from dissatisfaction and efficacy Bandura & Cervone (1983)

10. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC) Where do goals come from? Hedonism Classical and operant conditioning Functional autonomy Choice

11. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC) Emmons personal strivings Form coherent patterns of goals. Goals may be domain-specific, e.g., pleasant in social interactions. Striving (clusters) and their expression is idiographic. Some striving content is nomothetic. E.g., Achievement, autonomy, affiliation.

12. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC) Assessment of personal strivings Open-ended self-report of goals and execution attempts. Rate top 15 strivings on various dimensions, e.g., valence. Factor analysis of dimension scores: Degree of striving (e.g., value, importance, commitment) Ease (e.g., opportunity, difficulty) Success (e.g., past attainment, probability of success) Pairwise comparison of strivings compatibility.

13. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC) Personal striving and SWB (Emmons, 1986) Positive affect from… Actual achievement of valued goals. Continued progress towards valued goals. Negative affect from… Conflict (co-present but oppositely valenced goals). Ambivalence (success is a mixed belssing). Anticipated failure. Life satisfaction from… Anticipated success. Having important goals. Having goals that facilitate affiliation.

14. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC) What will satisfy you? McGregor & Little (1998) Happiness (affect) - From efficacy usually exuberant and enthusiastic life to me seems always exciting every day is constantly new and different life is full of exciting good things am achieving life goals Meaning (Life satisfaction) - From integrity have very clear goals and aims in life clear goals and a satisfying life purpose find meaning, purpose, and mission in life

15. ATP: PAID, Lecture 8: Imposing personalities Tom Farsides (SOC)