1. WORK PACKAGE 6

2. COATING FORMULATION 10 % Kaffirin Ethanol as solvent Plasticiser mixture (1:1:1) –Polyethylene Glycol –Lactic Acid –Glycerol Relaxation Time –16 hrs

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To determine the effect of 10 % Kaffirin coating: On the sensory acceptability of litchi On the post-harvest response & shelf-life of litchi over the distribution chain

4. COATING PROCEDURE Cleaned, freshly harvested litchi Dipped with stalk in coating for 10 secs Allowed to air dry for 1 hour Stalk clipped off and litchi placed on trays or plastic bag

5. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS AMBIENT (25-30 O C, RH 70-77 %) 13 O C, RH 85 % 4 O C, RH 45 % Packaging was included as trials as UEM, CSIR showed that packaging can reduce whitening.

6. PACKING  Primary objective of Packing was to reduce the white deposit on coated litchi  However Packing: did not prevent whitening- may decrease it to some extent ) Favoured mould growth and reduced the shelf life Gave the impression that the litchis were mouldy  Thus data for packing was not further processed

7. Day 6, Ambient Temp Day 9, Ambient Temp Packing favoured mould growth

8. Day 6, Ambient Temp

9. Uncoated, Packed Uncoated, Unpacked Coated,Unpacked Coated, packed White deposit still present Day 6, 13 o C

10. In practical terms, coating does not have a major effect on pH, TSS, TA

11. Weight loss IV  Coating does not seem to act as a barrier to water loss  Possible explanations: No proper film formation on the litchi as depicted by white deposit Kaffirin coating (as other protein coatings) is permeable to water (SIK )

12. RESPIRATION IV  Litchi, being a non-climacteric fruit, will exhibit a decreasing respiration rate  The coating does not seem to affect the respiratory pattern significantly Possible explanations:  Kaffirin has very good gas barrier properties (SIK study but experience from Pears)  In litchi, it would seem that a perfect film was not formed on the litchi

13. COLOUR I LitchiLightness L* Redness a* Yellowness b* Hue angle h Fresh, uncoated 40312134 Freshly coated 36271934 Uncoated, brown, 3 days 38201640 Coated, brown, 3 days 48101148

14. COLOUR IV Main observations: Coating significantly changed the colour characteristics of the peel Darkening of the peel + white deposit Mechanisms underlying the darkening different from browning of uncoated peel

15. MICROBIOLOGY Main observations:  Coliforms, TVC, yeasts & moulds: Coating tends to decrease the load for these flora Lower values recorded for 4°C Moulds identified: Torula, Scopulariosis, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Geotrichum, Rhizopus

16. Properties of ideal coating for litchi To reduce water loss To maintain red colour and hence slow down browning

17. UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM I Darkening of pericarp (distinct from natural browning process) Last meeting, one hypothesis was ethanol may have killed the pericarp Import of litchi from Reunion, Trial with water only, ethanol only, ethanol+plasticiser Observation Combination of ethanol + plasticiser brought this darkening very early as from day 2

24. UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM II Whitening In the absence of the protein, darkening occurs but no white deposit appears One probable explanation for white deposit may be some form of precipitation of the protein on the peel It can have some relationship with RH as in packed containers, it is less (as drying occurs, water coming out of the peel may cause it) Probably, no proper film is formed on the surface of the peel, thus it does not act as a barrier to gas and water Can the rough spikes on the pericarp account for failure of film formation? Or is it some properties of the litchi pericarp that makes the coating incompatible?

25. Bozdemir and Tutas (2003) studied the barrier properties of edible films prepared from polysaccharide polymer (locust bean gum) and various plasticisers (glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, and polyethylene glycol 200) together with hydrophobic modifiers (stearopten and beeswax). They too observed the presence of a white residue and reported that the appearance of a white residue on edible films containing plasticisers has been referred to as “blooming" or blushing" -this occurs when the plasticiser concentration exceeds its compatibility limit in the polymer causing phase separation and physical exclusion of the plasticiser. A similar phenomenon of blooming can have occurred in this study

26. Consumers preferred uncoated litchi to coated litchi

27. APPLICATIONS OF COATINGS TO FRUITS AND NUTS INTRODUCTION The main aim of the ENVIROPAK project was to improve the quality of southern African export fruits and nuts by extending their shelf-life through application of edible coatings made from sorghum protein, kafirin. These coatings can potentially provide a semi-permeable barrier to gases and water vapour, thereby reducing respiration rate and water loss. Studies have therefore been carried out to determine the effect of selected kafirin coatings on the post-harvest response and shelf-life of litchis, pears and cashew nuts. EXTENDING THE SHELF-LIFE OF EXPORT QUALITY LITCHIS Daya Goburdhun University of Mauritius Faculty of Agriculture Reduit Mauritius E mail number: daya@uom.ac.mu From a baseline study conducted, the major post harvest problems associated with litchis were identified as rapid peel (pericarp) browning resulting in a loss of the favourable red colour as well as water loss. The effect of a kafirin coating on the post-harvest response and shelf-life of litchis stored under conditions simulating domestic, retail and export conditions were investigated.daya@uom.ac.mu

28. Immediately after coating, the litchis appeared red in colour and were glossier than the uncoated litchis (Figure 1). However, after only one day of storage, an unacceptable darkening of the whole peel (pericarp) surface occurred as well as the formation of a white powdery deposit on the peel (Figure 2). It was therefore not surprising that the external colour of the uncoated litchis were preferred to that of the coated litchis by the majority of panelists in a consumer sensory evaluation test.

29. Although the kafirin coating did not affect the pH, titratable acidity or total solids content of the litchis during storage, it decreased the respiration rate of the litchis stored at 4 °C.. Compared with the uncoated litchis, slight decreases were observed in microbial counts for the coated litchis in terms of aerobic bacteria, coliforms and moulds. However, the kafirin coating did not provide a suitable water vapour barrier, since the use of the coating did not reduce water losses