1. DNA Chapter 12

2. DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Sugar = deoxyribose Adenine + Thymine Guanine + Cytosine Double-stranded helix with alternating sugars and phosphate groups Only found in the nucleus

3. DNA Replication Takes place in nucleus Uses enzyme polymerase Separates double-strand….produces two single strands Complimentary strands are made using the original DNA strands as templates A + T, C + G

4. Transcription RNA Polymerase – separates complimentary DNA and original strand Complimentary strand is used as a template to make an RNA strand...Uracil replaces thymine DNA-GCATTAGC = RNA-CGUAAUCG

5. RNA RiboNucleic Acid Sugar = ribose Single-stranded Uracil + Adenine –(There is NO thymine in RNA) Cytosine + Guanine Found in nucleus and outside nucleus

6. mRNA Messenger RNA (carries a message) Made during transcription inside nucleus Thymine is replaced with uracil in order to fit outside the nuclear membrane mRNA carries a message out the nucleus to the ribosomes, where it is called rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

7. Translation In ribosomes…where proteins are made Codon – group of 3 bases (AAT) that is found on the rRNA…every 3 bases acts as a codon A tRNA (transfer RNA) carries an amino acid…tRNA are groups of three bases…this is called an anti-codon. An anticodon fits into specific codons that match the base sequences and brings along specific amino acids

8. Protein Synthesis The amino acids bond together with peptide bonds Amino acids are the building blocks of all proteins Every variety of amino acids codes for a different trait If the order of bases gets mixed up, the codon will change, changing the matching anti-codon, changing the amino acid, changing the protein it codes for, changing the trait