1. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 1 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation CESI BUONAROTA Antonio Senior Scientist ph. +39 02 2125 5269 fax +39 02 2125 5626 e mail buonarota @cesi.it

2. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 2 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation The context Deregulation Increasing interest in independent production of electrical energy Increasing interest in Distributed Generation (DG) The coexistence of the main network and DG gives rise to problems concerning power quality (PQ)

3. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 3 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation Distributed Generation and Power Quality In DG applications PQ aspects can not be disregarded. main PQ problems line voltage control frequency control continuity of supply safety aspects

4. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 4 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation Energy Storage in Distributed Generation In general disturbances in line voltage and frequency can be mitigated by controlling power flow (active and reactive power). Energy storage systems can be decisive for obtaining a sufficient PQ degree. Energy storage systems are also essential for supporting the introduction of renewable energy production (Kyoto agreement on CO 2 ).

5. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 5 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation Designing of storage systems is strongly influenced by the functions they have to perform: PQ, peak shaving, UPS. Also the type of battery has to be chosen taking into account the performances requested and the condition of installation. Energy Storage in Distributed Generation

6. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 6 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation Main energy storage technologies for DG applications

7. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 7 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation Energy Storage in Distributed Generation In the following will be shown the main characteristics of two systems: 1 Power Quality System (PQS), 100 kW - 30 s, manufactured by British company URENCO - UPT; 2 Peak Shaving System (PSS), 42 kW - 2 hours, manufactured by Japanese company SUMITOMO - SEI.

8. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 8 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation URENCO PQS: main characteristics

9. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 9 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation Top Bearing Steel tube container Carbon and glass fibre composite rotor Stator Bottom bearing UPT high speed flywheel mechanical design

10. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 10 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation Vacuum Cabinet FlywheelDrive Cabinet 1350 mm Single flywheel / drive unit

11. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 11 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation Load Grid AC DC S5 S3 S2 SS1 S4 IRIR TCTC QuPS flywheel vacuum pump chiller URENCO PQS diagram

12. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 12 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation URENCO PQS system

13. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 13 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation URENCO system: mode of operation

14. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 14 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation URENCO PQS availability At present the manufacturing facility is capable of producing up to 200 units per annum it can increase to 1000 units at the present site

15. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 15 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation URENCO PQS system price the present price for a single system (250 kW flywheel and AC interface) is 130 kEuro with a production of 100 units per annum the price of a 250 kW system is 88 kEuro (installed and commissioned at any location in Europe).

16. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 16 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation Main features of SEI peak-shaving system

17. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 17 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation Pump Redox flow battery - Peak Shaving System scheme Grid AC/DC Converter Positive electrolyte tank Pump Stack Cooling system Pipings Battery Cubicle Controller Negative electrolyte tank Powermeter Load

18. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 18 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation Stack of REDOX Battery

19. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 19 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation Electrolyte tanks

20. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 20 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation SUMITOMO system: mode of operation “One year”, “one week” mode work both on time basis “Following the load” mode works setting a power grid limit

21. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 21 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation SUMITOMO system: mode of operation “Following the load” mode: having set a maximum value of power available from the grid, if the load needs more power the battery supplies to the load the rest; on the contrary, if the load needs less power from the grid, the battery uses the surplus amount of power to recharge itself.

22. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 22 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation SUMITOMO Peak Shaving System availability At present the manufacturing facility is capable of producing up to 10 MW per year.

23. CESI Barcelona 12-15 May 2003 BUONAROTA IT Session 4 – Block 1 – Question 2 23 Energy Storage and Distributed Generation SUMITOMO Peak Shaving System price the present price for a single system ‘42 kW - 2 hours’ is about 400 kEuro (not comprehensive of transport and installation costs).