1. ©CSCOPE 2008 Countries of East Asia

2. ©CSCOPE 2008 REGIONS OF EAST ASIA  CHINA PROPER- Eastern half  XIZANG (TIBET)- Mountains and high plateaus; sparsely populated  XINJIANG- Desert basins and mountains; a cultural contact zone with Islam  MONGOLIA- A desert; buffer between Russia and China  THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA, TAIWAN

3. ©CSCOPE 2008 Cultural Characteristics of East Asia  WORLD’S MOST POPULOUS REALM  One of the world’s earliest cultural hearths  Political and economic forces continue to force the historical and cultural landscapes  Population concentrations in the East, situated in river basins and special economic zones.

4. ©CSCOPE 2008 CHINA’S RELATIVE LOCATION  ISOLATION Natural Protective Barriers  EFFECTS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN A history of emperors who restricted the use of the coastline. Today the ocean is playing a major role in the economic transformation of COASTAL CHINA.

5. ©CSCOPE 2008 Historical Perspectives: China  One of the world’s greatest cultural hearths  Continuous civilization for over 4,000 years  View of China as the center of the civilized world.  Historically China is a closed society

6. ©CSCOPE 2008 CONFUCIUS  CHINA’S MOST INFLUENTIAL PHILOSOPHER AND TEACHER 551- 479 BC.  EMPHASIZED THAT HUMAN VIRTUES, RATHER THAN GODLY CONNECTIONS, SHOULD DETERMINE A PERSON’S PLACE IN SOCIETY  TEACHINGS HAVE DOMINATED CHINESE LIFE AND THOUGHT FOR MORE THAN 20 CENTURIES

7. ©CSCOPE 2008 Buddhism Taoism Lao-tzuBuddha

8. ©CSCOPE 2008 The Great Wall

9. ©CSCOPE 2008

10. CHINA’S POLITICAL MAP  4 CENTRAL-GOVERNMENT-ADMINISTERED MUNICIPALITIES BEIJING (CAPITAL); TIANJIN (PORT CITY); SHANGHAI (LARGEST CITY); CHONGQUING (INTERIOR RIVER PORT)  5 AUTONOMOUS REGIONS NEI MONGOL (INNER MONGOLIA); NINGXIA HUI; XINJIANG UYGUR (NW); GUANGXI ZHUANG (SOUTH); XIZANG (TIBET)  22 PROVINCES LARGER IN THE WEST

11. ©CSCOPE 2008 Chinese Leaders in the 20th Century  Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists)  Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)- leader of Communist Party  Deng Xiao Ping- replaced Mao- created the Chinese socialist market economy  Hu Jintao (2002 - ) Present leader

12. ©CSCOPE 2008 MAO’S CHINA: COMMUNISM RISES  1950s- 1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE PROGRAMS OF REFORM  FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED  INDUSTRIES WERE REORGANIZED AS STATE- OWNED ENTERPRISES  DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES- EDUCATION, RELIGION, POPULATION GROWTH

13. ©CSCOPE 2008 DENG XIAOPING ERA  TOOK POWER IN 1979  ATTEMPTED TO UNITE COMMUNIST POLITICAL RULE WITH CAPITALIST ECONOMIC PRACTICES= SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY.  DECENTRALIZED DECISION-MAKING

14. ©CSCOPE 2008 ECONOMIC INITIATIVES  SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES 6 SEZs ESTABLISHED; 3 IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE INVESTMENT INCENTIVES: LOW TAXES, IMPORT/EXPORT REGULATIONS LESSENED  OPEN CITIES INCLUDED 14 COASTAL CITIES NATIONAL INVESTMENT FOCUSED ON SHANGHAI  OPEN COASTAL AREAS ALSO DESIGNED TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS CONCENTRATED ALONG PACIFIC COAST DELTAS AND PENINSULAS

15. ©CSCOPE 2008 SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES  INVESTOR INCENTIVES  LOW TAXES  EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS  SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES  HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED  PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS)

16. ©CSCOPE 2008 ETHNIC GROUPS

17. ©CSCOPE 2008  Chinese is one of the world’s oldest active languages.  Spoken Chinese varies dialect to dialect although the characters (over 50,000) used to represent the language remain the same.  Since Chinese is written in characters rather than by a phonetic alphabet, Chinese words must be translated so foreigners can pronounce them. LANGUAGES

18. ©CSCOPE 2008 PINYIN  THE MOST ACCEPTED SYSTEM OF ROMANIZING CHINESE ChineseTranslation BeiNorth NanSouth XiWest DongEast JingCapital ShanMountain HeRiver (in the north) JiangRiver (in the south)

19. ©CSCOPE 2008 XIZANG (TIBET)  A HARSH PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT  SPARSELY POPULATED  CAME UNDER CHINESE CONTROL DURING THE MANCHU DYNASTY IN 1720  GAINED SEPARATE STATUS IN THE LATE 19 TH CENTURY  CHINA’S COMMUNIST REGIME TOOK CONTROL IN THE 1950s  CORNERSTONE OF BUDDHISM, THE DALAI LAMA, AND MONASTERIES  NOW AN AUTONOMOUS REGION

20. ©CSCOPE 2008 The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, is the ceremonial home of the 14th Dalai Lama, now in exile in India.

21. ©CSCOPE 2008 XINJIANG  COMPRISES ONE-SIXTH OF CHINA’S TOTAL LAND AREA  A REGION OF HIGH MOUNTAINS AND BASINS  CHINESE ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 40% OF THE POPULATION  MUSLIMS ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF THE POPULATION  HAS EXTENSIVE RESERVES OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS

22. ©CSCOPE 2008 MONGOLIA  STEPPE AND DESERT ENVIRONMENT  SPARSELY POPULATED WITH AN ESTIMATED 2.5 MILLION INHABITANTS  PART OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE FROM LATE 1600s UNTIL 1911  FUNCTIONS AS A BUFFER STATE  ECONOMY IS FOCUSED ON HERDING AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS

23. ©CSCOPE 2008 JAPANESE HISTORY  600 - 800 Chinese cultural influence  1000 -1300 War, Medieval society arises, shoguns evolve  1600 -1867 Tokugawa Shogunate, isolation, foreigners and Christianity expelled, individualistic culture, emphasis on Shinto belief system  1868: Meiji Restoration

24. ©CSCOPE 2008 MEIJI RESTORATION  1868 Rebellion brought in reformers.  Reinstated the emperor and began to transform Japan from a Feudal society with pre-machine age technology to an industrial power.  Focus was on industrialization and education system.

25. ©CSCOPE 2008 EXPANSIONIST JAPAN  TAIWAN1895  KOREA1910  MANCHURIA1931  CHINA1937  HONG KONG1939  SOUTHEAST ASIA1941

26. ©CSCOPE 2008 SHINTOISM

27. ©CSCOPE 2008 JAPANESE POPULATION  Population:127.4 million  Birth rate: 8 births/1,000  Death rate:8 deaths/1,000  Growth rate:0.0%  Life expectancy:78 (M), 85 (F)  Urbanization:78%

28. ©CSCOPE 2008 KOREA  The size of “Idaho” but with a population of 73 million  Turbulent political history: A dependency of China A colony of Japan Divided along the 38 th parallel by Allied Powers > WWII (1945) Cease-fire line established in 1953 (DMZ) separates North Korea and South Korea

29. ©CSCOPE 2008 NORTH-SOUTH CONTRASTS  NORTH KOREA 55% of the land, 1/3 of the population, extremely rural Antiquated state enterprises Inefficient, non-productive agriculture Limited trade – former Soviet Union and China  SOUTH KOREA 45% of the land, 2/3s of the population, highly urbanized Modern factories Intensive, increasingly mechanized agriculture Extensive trade – US, Japan, and Western Europe

30. ©CSCOPE 2008 THE KOREAS- COMPARED  POPULATION 23,600,00049,200,000  GNP (BILLIONS)$ 21.3$ 508.3  GNP/CAPITA $ 920$ 17,300  AGRICULTURE (as % of GNP) 25 % 8 % (% work force) 36 % 21 %

31. ©CSCOPE 2008 TAIWAN Chiang Kai-shek Memorial

32. ©CSCOPE 2008 TAIWAN  Historical background : A Chinese province for centuries Colonized by Japan in 1895 Returned to China > WWII 1949 – Chinese Nationalists (supported by the US) fled from the mainland and established the Republic of China (ROC)  Population – 22.7 million  77% urbanized