1. Cross-cultural Communication Styles Intercultural Business Communication Instructor: Hsin-Hsin Cindy Lee, PhD Unit 7: Additional Points to the Model of Synthetic Cultures

2. Contents Part I Low-Context VS High-Context Cultures Part II Poly-chronic VS Mono-chronic Cultures Part III Exercises Checkpoint & References

3. Low-Context VS High-Context Cultures Part I

4. Low-Context VS High-Context Cultures Low- Context High- Context Low-Context and High-Context cultures suggest two different types of communication. The ‘context ‘here indicates the messages hidden in the (oral) communication or background information underling the exchange.

5. High Context Culture A high-context communication is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalised in the person. The message is very little coded, explicit or transmitted in the language. Meaning does not always have to be put into words Non-verbal clues are also important. E.g. ‘Yes’ can mean anything from ‘I agree’, to ‘I am listening’, to ‘no’! Relationship building is important in high-context culture.

6. Low-Context Culture A low-context communication is just the opposite. The mass of information is vested in the explicit code. In low-context cultures meaning is made very clear, and put into words. These cultures tend to be task-centred rather than relationship-centred.

7. Examples High context Japan Greece Spain Italy UK France USA Scandinavia Germany Low Context

8. Poly-chronic VS Mono-chronic Cultures Part II

9. Mono-chronic VS Poly-chronic Cultures Mono-chronic Culture Poly-chronic Culture

10. Poly-chronic VS Mono-chronic Cultures Poly-chronic Culture Mono-chronic Culture In poly-chronic culture, it is acceptable to do several things at the same time. People are able to attend to multiple events simultaneously. The approach to deadlines is flexible. In mono-chronic cultures, one thing is done at a time People tend to handle events sequentially. Stress are laid on meeting deadlines and schedules.

11. Exercises Part III

12. Case 1 A British businessman – Andrew Gibson- in Saudi Arabia is keen to secure an important deal. He has a tight schedule, and can’t afford to waste any time. His frustration increases because he has to wait for ages to get an appointment with his Saudi partner. Meetings never start on time, and when they do, there are frequent interruptions, with people coming in to get papers signed. The Saudi partner even takes pone calls when his visitor is in the room. Andrew feels very uneasy at the end.

13. Your Analysis of Case 1 Andrew Gibson represents …….. culture. In his culture, people tend to ……… Mr. Gibson’s Saudi partner comes from ………... culture. In his culture, people tend to ………… Mr. Gibson felt frustrated mainly because …………..

14. Case 2 Roberto: Miss Thomas! How nice to see you. Mrs Thomas: How are you, Roberto? Roberto: Fine, fine. Thank you. What can I get for you? Mrs Thomas: Well, to start with I’d like half a dozen eggs. Roberto: Yes. No problem. Ms Thomas: And then I’d like 500 grams of butter. Roberto: Yes. Ah, Octavio! Good to see you. Come estas? Octavio: Bien, gracias. And you? Roberto: Bien. How can I help you? Octavio: I need some bananas. Roberto: Yes, of course. Hello! Rosita! Mrs Thomas: Roberto, I thought you were helping me. Roberto: But I am helping you, Ms Thomas.

15. Your Analysis of Case 2 Roberto represents …….. culture. In his culture, people tend to ……… Mrs. Thomas represents ………... culture. In her culture, people tend to ………… Mrs. Thomas felt confused mainly because …………..

16. Analysis Andrew Gibbson Mrs. Thomas Saudi business man Roberto In a mono-chronic culture, people get the exclusive attention of whomever they talking to, and your business is completed before the business of someone else is started. E.g. Germany, USA Poly-chronic cultures are less linear and more dynamic; several transactions can be carried out at the same time. It’s rude for Roberto, for example, to ignore other customers. If you are meeting with someone in a poly-chronic culture, don’t expect him/her to close the door or switch off the cell phone. (E.g. Taiwan, Arabia)

17. Checkpoint How do people of Low-Context culture communicate? How do people of High-Context Culture communicate? How do people of Poly-chronic Culture do daily routine? How do people of Mono-chronic Culture do daily routine? Have you done the exercises? Do you have any questions? What is your communication style? What kind of culture do you come from?

18. References Gert Jan Hofstede, Paul B. Pedersen Geert Hofstede (2002) Exploring Culture. Intercultural Press. Craig Storti (1994) Cross-Cultural Dialogues. Intercultural Press. Robert Gibson (2002) Intercultural Business Communication. Oxford University Press. -End-