2. Electron Dot Notation schoolhouse1.fenn.org

3. Vocabulary Valence electrons ? Electron- dot notations ? Octet rule ? Page 169 & 170

4. Valence Electrons The electrons responsible for the chemical properties of atoms are those in the outer energy level. Valence electrons - The s and p electrons in the outer energy level –the highest occupied energy level

5. Keeping Track of Electrons Atoms in the same column... –Have the same outer electron configuration. –Have the same number of valence electrons. Easily found: the group number representative elements tell the number of valence electrons. Example: Group 2A: Be, Mg, Ca, etc. have 2 valence electrons

6. Electron Dot notations or diagrams A way of keeping track of valence electrons. How to write them? Write the symbol first. Then put dots to represent the valence electrons. According to Hund’s rule, electrons don’t pair up until they have to X

7. The Electron Dot diagram for Nitrogen l Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons. l First we write the symbol. N l Then add 1 electron at a time to each side. l Until they are forced to pair up.

8. Electron Configurations for Cations Metals lose electrons to attain noble gas configuration. Metals form positive ions (cations) If we look at the electron configuration, it makes sense to lose electrons: Na 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 1 valence electron Na 1+ 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 noble gas configuration

9. Electron Dots For Cations Metals will have few valence electrons (usually 3 or less) Ca

10. Electron Dots For Cations Metals will have few valence electrons These be given away Ca

11. Electron Dots For Cations Metals will have few valence electrons These will be given away Forming positive ions Ca 2+ Now make Li an ion. Pseudo-noble gas configuration

12. Electron Configurations for Anions Nonmetals gain electrons to attain noble gas configuration. Nonmetals form negative ions (anions) Example: S 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 4 6 valence electrons S 2- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 noble gas configuration.

13. Electron Dots For Anions Nonmetals will have many valence electrons (usually 5 or more) They will gain electrons to fill outer shell. P P 3-

14. Stable Electron Configurations All atoms react to achieve noble gas configuration. Noble gases have 2 s and 6 p electrons for a total of 8 valence electrons to meet the octet rule. Ar

15. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/ Teacher Notes: Chemical Bonding 6 min (nisd002 research) 1.Introduction to chemical bonding 1:15 2.Atoms and Bonding 1:40 3.Electrons and Energy Levels 1:01 4.Stability & Chemical Bonds 1:37