2. 2 nd International E-Conference on Economy under Sanctions Mohsen kelich Director of Toroudshomal Research Company And E-Conference General Chair 22 September 2014

3. It is an honor to hold the 2nd International E-Conference on Economy under Sanctions, I welcome this remarkable initiative, open heartedly and commend you for what must be an unprecedented gathering of researchers to discuss the impact of sanctions on economy. At the beginning, I must point out why are sanctions established and whether the sanctions were successful or not, based on the goal prospective. Based on definition, economic sanctions are manipulating the economic relations and cooperation to achieve political goals. In fact, sanction is a foreign policy instrument which allows the executer to oblige the targets, in line with political purposes.

4. It is time to look deeper in established sanctions and figure out if the sanctions were successful or not. We want to investigate the number of successful sanctions in terms of changing the regime or political behavior of the target countries. What were the results of economic sanctions? It is time to study the effect of sanctions on public health, poverty, food safety, environments, migration, humanitarian aid, drug, energy production and trade, international financial systems, business, SMEs, entrepreneurship, employment, tourism, investment and so forth. We want to survey that whether sanctions are pro to the spirit of human rights?

5. I've said these issues during the first conference on economy under sanctions; apparently the need to repeat these issues is feeling more. I say these directly to sanctioning countries; many other people and I have neither liability nor responsibility for political and military issues …. but your sanctions directly affect our lives. Why? What's our problem with you? Do you expect us to put pressure on our government? Do you expect we be on your side? I do not know!!!!

6. Let me say something about sanctions taken by the United State of America on other countries. How long have U.S.A taken its sanctions on countries like Iraq and Afghanistan? How long has it invaded Iraq and Afghanistan? Do you think these countries sanctions have lifted or still survive? Certainly a lot of sanctions still have been existed. Do you believe that living conditions have improved there? Just search and check.

7. And About us: Toroudshomal Research Company aims to establish journals and annual conferences, according to its mission to protect and promote the intellectual heritage of humanities in order to cover the critical humanity themes. These journals and events are freely accessible for all researchers to improve the scientific unities and to solve the world’s increasing problems. So, for the second time, we have established an international E-Conference on Economy under Sanctions to motivate other organizations and scientific societies to study the results of sanctions in an academic manner.

8. Finally, I want to thank the professors, colleagues, critics and reviewers for their remarkable efforts in collaboration with this conference and appreciate the scholars’ participation in the conference. With the help of their high quality research the conference aimed to the peak of success.