1. Transport Canada Harmonized Research on ITS Y. Ian Noy, Ph.D., P.Eng., CPE Director, Standards Research and Development Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate Transport Canada UNECE ITC: ITS Roundtable Geneva Feb 18, 2004

2. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Outline  The safety risks of in-vehicle ITS  Governments’ role and challenges  International Harmonized Research Agenda  IHRA and WP.29 liaison

3. Standards R&D, Transport Canada 3 WHO estimates 1,171,000 deaths annually costing $2,342,000,000,000 Road Air Marine Rail Of all transportation-related fatalities, 94% are on the road

4. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Focus on Human Error (Treat et al. 1977)

5. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Intelligent Transport Systems Reduce congestion Improve safety Increase efficiency Improve comfort Improve transit services Reduce fuel consumption Reduce emissions Automated aids Smart cards Traffic monitoring Traffic management Information databases Image processors Microprocessors Telecommunications Digital maps Positioning & tracking Transportation objectives

6. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Intelligent Automobiles  In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) - compete with driving task: telecommunications and infotainment systems (e.g., e- mail, Internet access), navigation systems  Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) - support driving task: collision warning systems, adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, lane change aids, and parking aids.

7. Standards R&D, Transport Canada n Safety impact depends largely on the extent to which the system supports users’ needs, and is compatible with human capabilities and limitations Driving TaskITS + - Collisions n ITS technology is safety neutral - Its implementation is safety critical ITS Safety, or IS IT?

8. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Government’s Role  Encourage technologies that are likely to have safety benefits  Discourage technologies that are likely to have an adverse effect on safety

9. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Direct Safety Risks - IVIS  Driver distraction  Driver overload  Driver confusion

10. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Errors of Situation Awareness4 3% Human Causes of Crashes (NHTSA, 1995) Distraction 23% Inattention 19% Misjudged gap/velocity 10% Drunk 8% Roadway Surface 6% Excessive Speed 6% Obstructed Vision 5%  

11. Standards R&D, Transport Canada 11 I was distracted for a moment. Go on Driver Distractions  Visual (eyes off road)  Manual (hands off wheel)  Cognitive (mind off driving)  Auditory (sounds)

12. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Sources of Distraction  Wireless communication (cell phones)  Navigation system destination entry  Map and other complex visual displays  In-vehicle office tasks (e-mail, PDA, Internet)  Infotainment (location-based services, DVD)  Warnings from driver assistance systems  Multifunction displays and controls

13. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Levels of Driver Assistance  Information  Warning  Active controls (e.g., gas pedal)  Partial control of vehicle functions (steering, stop&go)  Complete control of vehicle (AHS)

14. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Direct Safety Risks - ADAS  Driver distraction  Driver overload  Driver confusion  False or nuisance alarms  Command effect

15. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Rationalizing Automation  Each level has unique safety issues  Each level must coexist with other levels  Progression from one level to next is not incremental – it represents a radical change to the driving task

16. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Indirect Safety Risks  Behavioural adaptation  Increased exposure  Loss of skill & negative transfer  Violation of expectation (by non-users)  Collision migration (MV to SV, to other users, etc.)

17. Standards R&D, Transport Canada ITS Safety Research Programs  Europe EC FP5: HASTE EC FP6: eSafety, AIDE, PReVENT, HUMANIST France, UK, Germany (ADAM), Netherlands  North America CAMP, IVI, SAVE-IT  Japan ASV  Australia

18. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Key Challenges for Government  Traditional policy paradigms not suitable: Design cycle shorter than policy cycle Technology is diversifying rapidly Behavioural science lags technology  Integration by consumer, not industry  Jurisdictional boundaries no longer valid

19. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Need for New Paradigm  Driver-system integration must be an integral part of motor transport system development. This has implications for: System design Regulatory policy

20. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV): International Harmonized Research Activities Australia Canada France Germany Hungary Italy Japan the Netherlands Poland Sweden U.K. U.S.A. EC EEVC

21. Standards R&D, Transport Canada ESV: IHRA Working Groups  Active safety Intelligent Transport Systems  Passive safety Advanced Offset Frontal Crash Protection Pedestrian Safety Biomechanics Vehicle Compatibility Side Impact

22. Standards R&D, Transport Canada IHRA-ITS : Objectives  to coordinate international policy-oriented research to minimize the potential adverse consequences of on-board ITS technologies.  to develop procedures for the evaluation of safety of in-vehicle information, control and communication systems.  to provide an international view of the state of research into understanding the safety impact of driver workload and distraction.

23. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Aspects of System Safety 1. System Reliability Reliability of hardware and software, the propensity for malfunction and the potential to go into a dangerous and/or unanticipated safety mode. 2. Human Machine Interaction (HMI) Key issues are function allocation, the design of interface, definition of dialogue between the user and the system. 3. Overall Traffic System The aggregate effect on the traffic system as a whole.

24. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Summary of Activities  Conceptual Framework  Workshops  Survey of current research  Priority Projects

25. Standards R&D, Transport Canada IHRA ITS Priority Projects 1. Development of a harmonized safety evaluation methodology framework 2. Driver understanding and expectation of ITS systems 3. Human factors principles checklist 4. Normative data on naturalistic driving behavior 5. Simulator reference test scenarios 6. Improved secondary task methodology for evaluating safety effects of driver workload 7. Harmonization and validation of surrogate safety measures

26. Standards R&D, Transport Canada Importance of ITS Safety Research  Elaborates the role of governments with respect to ITS safety  ITS safety is currently unregulated; therefore, there is a reasonable prospect for harmonized policies based on shared scientific understanding of the issues

27. Standards R&D, Transport Canada IHRA-WP.29 Liaison  IHRA research focus Summarize state of knowledge Coordinate joint research Develop test procedures  WP.29 regulatory focus Identify regulatory needs and priorities.  IHRA could coordinate the regulatory development research needed to support WP.29 work program