1. A. Lisowiec 1, A. Nowakowski 1, Z. Kołodziejczyk 1, B. Miedziński 2 1 Centre For Tele-Information Systems and Hardware Applications, Tele and Radio Research Institute 2 Institute of Electric Power Engineering, Wrocław University of Technology Autonomous Tele-Information Network for Power Systems Switchgear Equipment e-Diagnostics EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08 The research work presented in this paper is part of a development project cofounded by European Union within the European Union Structural Funds, POIG (Operational Programme Innovative Economy), project number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08.

2. Reasons for developing a comprehensive system for Circuit Breaker diagnosis Circuit breakers have to be reliable since the safety of power network operation depends directly on them, Circuit breakers have to be reliable since the safety of power network operation depends directly on them, Circuit breakers are the elements of power network that are more susceptible to damage than other equipment, Circuit breakers are the elements of power network that are more susceptible to damage than other equipment, Circuit breakers are expensive to replace Circuit breakers are expensive to replace EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

3. Basic requirements on the diagnostic system The diagnosis of the CB has to be done on-line basing on the signals available during normal operation, The diagnosis of the CB has to be done on-line basing on the signals available during normal operation, Data acquisition has to be carried out by devices that can also perform other functions like protection relay, Data acquisition has to be carried out by devices that can also perform other functions like protection relay, The transmission of all data within the system has to be carried out according to IEC 61850 standard, The transmission of all data within the system has to be carried out according to IEC 61850 standard, The decision/diagnosis of the CB has to be carried out autonomously by the network without any interference from human operator The decision/diagnosis of the CB has to be carried out autonomously by the network without any interference from human operator EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

4. TCT/IP SUBSTATION ETHERNET BUS SUBSTATION 2 INTERNET CB CT D CB CT D GWAY SUBSTATION N SUBSTATION 1 CORPORATE CONTROL CENTRE CDB REMOTE OPERATOR TCT/IP System architecture EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08 CONC

5. Control device, CTD, architechture CB SIGNAL CONDITIONING D/A CONVERTER MICROPROCESOR TRANSMISSION CIRCUIT PROTECTION FUNCTIONS ETHERNET CONTROLLER CONTROLLING DEVICE EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

6. Conventional method of CB monitoring Signals acquired from Circuit Breaker can be grouped according to different criteria: EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08 1.analog signals, 2.digital signals 1.high speed signals, 2.slowly varying signals 1.signals at high voltage, 2.signals at low voltage

7. Main signals acquired from CB auxiliary contact signals: auxiliary contact signals: truck position contacts, truck position contacts, main spring tension state contact main spring tension state contact sensor signals, sensor signals, eg. sulfur hexafluoride pressere sensor signal, eg. sulfur hexafluoride pressere sensor signal, vibration signals, vibration signals, temperature measurement sensors, temperature measurement sensors, dc voltages dc voltages EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

8. Main signals acquired from CB phase currents, phase currents, currents and voltages of tripping and closing coils, currents and voltages of tripping and closing coils, movement monitoring sensors signals, movement monitoring sensors signals, acceleration sensors signals, acceleration sensors signals, digital signals, digital signals, open initiate, open initiate, close initiate, close initiate, EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

9. Concentrator software architecture DIGITAL FILTERING MODULE SIGNAL PARAMETRIZATION MODULE EXSPERT SYSTEM MODULE ALARMS NOTIFICATION AND REPORT GENERATION MODULE EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

10. Signal parametrization methods Digital filtering,Digital filtering, Resampling in digital domain – for protection functions realization,Resampling in digital domain – for protection functions realization, Decimation – for recorder purposes,Decimation – for recorder purposes, Spectrum analysis, FFT,Spectrum analysis, FFT, Wavelet analysisWavelet analysis EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

11. Analysis of current and voltage signals Contacts bounce time, Contacts bounce time, Contact opening time and its dependence on load current, Contact opening time and its dependence on load current, Contact closing time and its dependence on load current, Contact closing time and its dependence on load current, Simultaneity of contacts closing in three phases and its dependence on load current, Simultaneity of contacts closing in three phases and its dependence on load current, EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

12. Analysis of current and voltage signals, cnt. Contact closing time averaged over last 10 operations, Contact closing time averaged over last 10 operations, EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

13. Expert system operation EVENT CLASSIFICATION e.g. CB tripping; Based on the event, appropriate set of rules customized for each CB operation is used SIGNAL CHARACTERIZATION AND VERIFICATION Each signal describing the event is analyzed based on the rules of the expert system knowledge base. The purpose of this is to verify that the values of extracted signal features conform to the expected values within given tolerances VERIFICATION OF CAUSE – EFFECT RELATIONSHIP AMONG SIGNALS the relationships involving multiple parameters and possibly multiple signals are analyzed to determine the causes of observed signal features EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

14. Expert system operation, cnt. CB OPERATION VERIFICATION The actual breaker operation is compared with the patterns stored in the rules of the expert system and the settings, each of them customized for particular type of circuit breaker and operation and specified by user ANALYSIS REPORT GENERATION At the end of the analysis, expert system creates the report in the form of a text file. The report clearly describes the operation and performances of the circuit breaker, as well as maintenance and repair recommendations if problems are detected. EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

15. Operating coil current diagram EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

16. New non invasive methods of Circuit Breaker monitoring Temperature distribution monitoring Temperature distribution monitoring Spectroscopic methods Spectroscopic methods EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

17. Temperature distribution monitoring DETECTOR FIBRE CB EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

18. Temperature distribution monitoring Taking the temperature distribution within the contact body Comparing the taken temperature distribution with the reference temperature distribution EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

19. Temperature distribution within the contact body EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

20. Spectroscopic method setup DETECTOR CB FIBRE EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

21. Spectroscopic methods Special construction of the contact body Knowledge of the characteristic spectral lines of the materials used for contact construction Selective diode detectors EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

22. Special construction of the moving part of the contact contact base contact coating soldered layer EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08

23. Emission spectrum of contact compound made of Molybdenum EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08 arc – arching discharge, glow – glowing discharge, dat – data from physico-chemical tables

24. Emission spectrum of contact compound made of Tantalum EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08 arc – arching discharge, glow – glowing discharge, dat – data from physico-chemical tables

25. Emission spectrum of contact compound made of Nickel EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08 arc – arching discharge, glow – glowing discharge, dat – data from physico-chemical tables

26. Conclusion The research work presented in this paper is part of a development project cofounded by European Union within the European Union Structural Funds, POIG (Operational Programme Innovative Economy), project number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08. The developed network is a very comrehensive system for CB testing and diagnosis on-line; it employs traditional as well as new methods of CB monitoring The developed network is a very comrehensive system for CB testing and diagnosis on-line; it employs traditional as well as new methods of CB monitoring The cost to the final user has been minimalized because of the integration of protective, control and monitoring function in one device The cost to the final user has been minimalized because of the integration of protective, control and monitoring function in one device The system uses modern approach through the adoption of IEC 61850 standard The system uses modern approach through the adoption of IEC 61850 standard EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND Project Number: WND-POIG.01.03.01-14-141/08