1. Like SHS, is loose powder ignition a key process within mechanochemical reactions (ball milling), or is it just an anomaly for Cu 2 O? J. Zeck, Dr. Takacs, and Dr. Bakhshai Goucher College Baltimore, MD

2. Stainless Steel Milling Vials What exactly is ball milling? SPEX 8000 Mixer Mill 3CuO + 2Al  Al 2 O 3 + 3Cu 2CuO + Ti  TiO 2 + 2Cu example reactions:

3. Ignition time (seconds) Vial temperature (Celsius) Trends in Temperature When Ignition Occurs in Individual Samples

4. Ignition Trends from Summer 2001 Work

5. New material systems that have been investigated: Bi 2 O 3 + 2Al  Al 2 O 3 + 3Bi 3Ag 2 O + 2Al  Al 2 O 3 + 6Ag 3CuS+ 2Al  Al 2 S 3 + 3Cu 3Cu 2 S + 2V  V 2 S 3 + 6Cu 3CuS + 2V  V 2 S 3 + 3Cu 3ZnO + 2Al  Al 2 O 3 + 3Zn Ignition No ignition 3CuO + 2Al  Al 2 O 3 + 3Cu 2CuO + Ti  TiO 2 + 2Cu 3PbO + 2Al --> Al 2 O 3 +3Pb

6. Cu Oxide Ignition Trends; as previously looked at Comparison of CuO System’s Ignition Times as mixed with Aluminum and Titanium Powders

7. 6CuO + 2Al  3Cu 2 O + Al 2 O 3 3Cu 2 O + 2Al  Al 2 O 3 + 6Cu 3CuO + 2Al  Al 2 O 3 + 3Cu Instead of single step: A two step reaction: may contribute to additional transitory region ΔH= 287.7 kcal/mol ΔH= 304.8 ΔH= 270.6

8. 3CuO + 2Al  Al 2 O 3 + 3Cu

9. Is it just the copper that is causing the transitory regions? a look into bismuth... Bi 2 O 3 + 2Al  Al 2 O 3 + 3Bi

10. Would the ignition affects of ductile silver compare with copper? 3Ag 2 O + 2Al  Al 2 O 3 + 6Ag

11. How do the ignition times of lead oxide compare? 3PbO + 2Al --> Al 2 O 3 +3Pb

12. Is the anomaly just unique to the copper oxides or does it apply more generally to other copper compounds as well? 3CuS+ 2Al  Al 2 S 3 + 3Cu

13. Examples of Relative Linearity of Temperature Changes due to Ignition in various systems

14. Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation: CuO/Al 2 Gram Powder Sample—Layer Study

15. Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation: CuO/Al 5 Gram Powder Sample—Layer Study

16. Conclusions … Alternate process to established SHS Isolated case–exhibited only in Copper Oxides Cu2O– critical mass transition only CuO– critical mass and exponential decay transitions