1. Instrument demonstrations DHC 161 March 4, 2011

2. Violin family 440 Hz 220 Hz 110 Hz

3. violin octet Set of eight scaled violins designed by Carleen Hutchins Luthier, scientist, and founder of the Catgut Acoustical Society

4. Violin construction 23” 14”

5. violin construction corner blocks sound post bass bar ribs lining strips neck scroll back plate fingerboard tuning pegs bridge

6. violin bridge and soundpost transmitting the vibrations Downward force of strings is about 20 lbs. Supported by sound post and bass bar. bridge has a rocking motion

7. Violin response from Bissinger, Rowe (2007) http://www.acoustics.org/press/153rd/bissinger.html from Hutchins (1981) A0 is Helmholtz cavity mode (MAR) A1 is longitudinal cavity mode CBR, B1 are body modes (mostly top plate) measurement of 1735 Guarneri del Gesustanding wave patterns desirable for A0 and CBR to coincide with open strings (D and A)

8. the viola Historically, the older instrument Tuned perfect fifth lower than violin but strings and body are not 3/2 (50%) larger! Open string frequencies do not line up as well with air and body resonances. 14” 16”

9. the cello Tuned an octave below the viola 29.5” C G D A

10. the bass viol also known as the “double bass” Tuned in fourths: E A D G (one octave lower than guitar) C extension allows bassists to reach low C, one octave below the cello