1. Unit 1 Founding Fathers Texas Thinks you should know

2. Terms to Know Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence U.S. Constitution U.S. Constitution Bill of Rights Bill of Rights Liberty Liberty Egalitarianism Egalitarianism Individualism Individualism Populism Populism Laissez-faire Laissez-faire E Pluribus Unum E Pluribus Unum

3. 1776 1776- The Second Continental Congress moved that “These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states...” 1776- The Second Continental Congress moved that “These United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states...” A committee was appointed to draft a document stating the colonies asked for protection of the “unalienable rights” of humankind in addition to British rights, and listed British actions which prompted the quest for independence. A committee was appointed to draft a document stating the colonies asked for protection of the “unalienable rights” of humankind in addition to British rights, and listed British actions which prompted the quest for independence. Thomas Jefferson drafted the document. Thomas Jefferson drafted the document. Congress adopted the motion of independence on July 2, and on July 4, fifty-six representatives from the thirteen original colonies unanimously approved the Declaration of Independence. Congress adopted the motion of independence on July 2, and on July 4, fifty-six representatives from the thirteen original colonies unanimously approved the Declaration of Independence.

4. Early American Laptop – Thomas Jefferson’s Writing Desk

5. Founding Fathers Benjamin Rush- (1745-1813) Benjamin Rush- (1745-1813) Physician, writer, educator, and humanitarian born in Pennsylvania. Physician, writer, educator, and humanitarian born in Pennsylvania. Active in the Sons of Liberty in Pennsylvania during 1773. Active in the Sons of Liberty in Pennsylvania during 1773. In June of 1776 he was appointed to represent Philadelphia at the Second Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence. In June of 1776 he was appointed to represent Philadelphia at the Second Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence. In 1777 he was appointed surgeon-general of the middle department of the Continental Army. In 1777 he was appointed surgeon-general of the middle department of the Continental Army. In favor of adopting the Federal constitution and was elected to the Pennsylvania convention which adopted that constitution. In favor of adopting the Federal constitution and was elected to the Pennsylvania convention which adopted that constitution. Appointed treasurer of the US Mint where he served from 1797 to 1813. Appointed treasurer of the US Mint where he served from 1797 to 1813.

6. Charles Carroll (1737-1832) (1737-1832) He anonymously protested the right of the British government to tax the colonies without representation in newspapers in Maryland. He anonymously protested the right of the British government to tax the colonies without representation in newspapers in Maryland. He visited the Continental Congress in 1776, and was enlisted in a diplomatic mission to Canada, along with Ben Franklin and Samuel Chase to ask Canada to be a 14 th colony. He visited the Continental Congress in 1776, and was enlisted in a diplomatic mission to Canada, along with Ben Franklin and Samuel Chase to ask Canada to be a 14 th colony. Carroll was elected to represent Maryland on July 4 th and was too late to vote for the Declaration but he did sign it. Carroll was elected to represent Maryland on July 4 th and was too late to vote for the Declaration but he did sign it. Catholic Catholic He died the last survivor of the signers of the Declaration, in 1832 at the age of 95. He died the last survivor of the signers of the Declaration, in 1832 at the age of 95.

7. John Hancock (1737-1793) (1737-1793) One of the wealthiest men in the colonies. One of the wealthiest men in the colonies. Elected to the Boston Assembly in 1766, and was a member of the Stamp Act Congress. Elected to the Boston Assembly in 1766, and was a member of the Stamp Act Congress. In 1774, he was elected to the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts and simultaneously to the Continental Congress and was president of the Continental Congress. In 1774, he was elected to the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts and simultaneously to the Continental Congress and was president of the Continental Congress. First to sign Declaration of Independence. First to sign Declaration of Independence. Elected to the Governorship of Massachusetts where he served for five years, declined reelection, and was again elected in 1787 and served as governor until his death in 1793. Elected to the Governorship of Massachusetts where he served for five years, declined reelection, and was again elected in 1787 and served as governor until his death in 1793.

8. John Jay (1745-1829) (1745-1829) In September of 1774 he attended the First Continental Congress as the second youngest member, at age twenty eight. In September of 1774 he attended the First Continental Congress as the second youngest member, at age twenty eight. He retired from the Congress in 1776 rather than sign the Declaration of Independence. He retired from the Congress in 1776 rather than sign the Declaration of Independence. In 1782 Jay, along with Adams, Franklin, and Laurens signed the treaty of peace with Great Britain. When he returned to Congress, he was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs. In 1782 Jay, along with Adams, Franklin, and Laurens signed the treaty of peace with Great Britain. When he returned to Congress, he was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs. In 1787 he along with James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton authored three of the articles now called The Federalist in support of the ratification of the new Federal Constitution. In 1787 he along with James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton authored three of the articles now called The Federalist in support of the ratification of the new Federal Constitution. In 1789, Washington appointed him Chief Justice to the Supreme Court under the new federal constitution. In 1789, Washington appointed him Chief Justice to the Supreme Court under the new federal constitution. In 1794 he was appointed to Great Britain, in order to seek a resolution to conflicts on the western border and in commercial relations. This was the Jay Treaty. In 1794 he was appointed to Great Britain, in order to seek a resolution to conflicts on the western border and in commercial relations. This was the Jay Treaty.

9. John Peter Muhlenberg (1746-1807) (1746-1807) During the Revolutionary War he raised and commanded the Eighth Virginia (German) Regiment and was brevetted major general in 1783. During the Revolutionary War he raised and commanded the Eighth Virginia (German) Regiment and was brevetted major general in 1783. He returned to Pennsylvania and was elected to the First Congress He returned to Pennsylvania and was elected to the First Congress He was elected to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1801 until his resignation on June 30, 1801. He was elected to the U.S. Senate and served from March 4, 1801 until his resignation on June 30, 1801. He was appointed by President Thomas Jefferson supervisor of revenue for Pennsylvania in 1801 and collector of customs at Philadelphia in 1802 where he served until his death in October 1807. He was appointed by President Thomas Jefferson supervisor of revenue for Pennsylvania in 1801 and collector of customs at Philadelphia in 1802 where he served until his death in October 1807.

10. John Witherspoon (1723-1794) (1723-1794) In 1776 he was elected to the Continental Congress in time to vote in favor for the Declaration of Independence. In 1776 he was elected to the Continental Congress in time to vote in favor for the Declaration of Independence. His notable comment in reply to another member who argued that the country was not ripe for such a declaration was that in his opinion, “was not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it.” His notable comment in reply to another member who argued that the country was not ripe for such a declaration was that in his opinion, “was not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it.” Witherspoon was a very active member of congress, serving on more than a hundred committees through his tenure and debating frequently on the floor. Witherspoon was a very active member of congress, serving on more than a hundred committees through his tenure and debating frequently on the floor.

11. Jonathan Trumbull Sr. (1710-1785) (1710-1785) Served as governor of Connecticut in both a pre-Revolutionary colony and a post- Revolutionary state. Served as governor of Connecticut in both a pre-Revolutionary colony and a post- Revolutionary state. Friend and advisor of General Washington Friend and advisor of General Washington He was the only colonial governor to continue office through the American Revolution. He was the only colonial governor to continue office through the American Revolution. He is the father of John Trumbull (1756- 1843) who is known as the “Painter of the American Revolution”. He is the father of John Trumbull (1756- 1843) who is known as the “Painter of the American Revolution”.

12. Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) A French political thinker and historian (1805-1859) A French political thinker and historian Wrote Democracy in America which dealt with issues like religion, the press, money, class structure, racism, the role of government, the judicial system, etc. Wrote Democracy in America which dealt with issues like religion, the press, money, class structure, racism, the role of government, the judicial system, etc.

13. Alexander Hamilton Not one of the dead Founding Fathers Texas wants you to know Not one of the dead Founding Fathers Texas wants you to know Served in the American Revolution Served in the American Revolution Youngest to sign Constitution Youngest to sign Constitution 1 st US Secretary of the Treasury 1 st US Secretary of the Treasury Died in a duel, shot by Aaron Burr (hate him) Died in a duel, shot by Aaron Burr (hate him)

14. Articles of Confederation Second Continental Congress 1781 Weaknesses of the Articles were: Congress could not enact and collect taxes. Congress could not enact and collect taxes. Each state only had one vote in Congress regardless of population. Each state only had one vote in Congress regardless of population. 9 out of 13 states needed to agree to pass laws. 9 out of 13 states needed to agree to pass laws. All states had to approve in order for laws to be amended. All states had to approve in order for laws to be amended. NO executive branch, NO judicial branch NO executive branch, NO judicial branch Each state (13 colonies) had own laws, currency, etc. They lacked national unity. Each state (13 colonies) had own laws, currency, etc. They lacked national unity.

15. Constitutional Convention 1787 55 delegates met in Philadelphia. 55 delegates met in Philadelphia. All the states were there except Rhode Island. All the states were there except Rhode Island. They met in secret. They met in secret. Oldest delegate was Ben Franklin, the best looking was Alexander Hamilton. Oldest delegate was Ben Franklin, the best looking was Alexander Hamilton. September 17, 1787, they wrote a new constitution. September 17, 1787, they wrote a new constitution. BIGGEST PROBLEM: SMALL STATES VS LARGE STATES. BIGGEST PROBLEM: SMALL STATES VS LARGE STATES. James Madison- “Father of the Constitution” James Madison- “Father of the Constitution” Shay’s Rebellion proved the Articles of Confederation were ineffective. Shay’s Rebellion proved the Articles of Confederation were ineffective.

16. Key Conflicts in the Constitutional Convention: Strong Central Government vs. Strong States Strong Central Government vs. Strong States Checks and Balances Checks and Balances Federalists vs. Anti Federalists Federalists vs. Anti Federalists Federalists- supporters of the Constitution Federalists- supporters of the Constitution Anti-federalists-opponents of the Constitution Anti-federalists-opponents of the Constitution Ratification- to approve the Constitution Ratification- to approve the Constitution Bill of Rights- First 10 Amendments Bill of Rights- First 10 Amendments

17. Roger Sherman Great Compromise The government would have two houses bicameral. The government would have two houses bicameral. The Senate and House of Representatives The Senate and House of Representatives But every state would only have two senators. But every state would only have two senators. Every state would allow representation based on population. Every state would allow representation based on population.

18. 3/5 Compromise For every 5 blacks slaves---three would be counted as part of the population. For every 5 blacks slaves---three would be counted as part of the population.

19. FEDERALISM Power is divided between the national government (F) and the state government. (S) Power is divided between the national government (F) and the state government. (S) Separation of Power-3 branches Separation of Power-3 branches Legislature Legislature Executive Executive Judicial Judicial Checks and Balances Checks and Balances

20. US Constitution signed – September 17, 1787 US Constitution is in 3 parts: US Constitution is in 3 parts: 1. Preamble- Introduction 2. Articles (7) 3. Bill of Rights ( 1 st 10)- 1791 Amendments (27) Amendments (27)

21. Preamble “ We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

22. Articles of the Constitution There are 7 Articles to the Constitution. There are 7 Articles to the Constitution. Article 1- Legislature Article 1- Legislature Article 2 Executive Article 2 Executive Article 3 Judicial Article 3 Judicial Article 4-Relations Between the States Article 4-Relations Between the States Article 5- Amendment Process Article 5- Amendment Process Article 6- Supremacy of the Constitution Article 6- Supremacy of the Constitution Article 7- Ratification Article 7- Ratification

23. Unit 1 Study Guide 10 matching 18 multiple choice Matching: Declaration of Independence Constitution Bill of Rights Charles Carroll John Witherspoon Benjamin Rush Multiple Choice: Constitution Articles of Confederation Separation of Power Checks and Balances Declaration of Independence Bill of Rights Alexis de Tocqueville John Jay Popular Sovereignty