1. Developing and delivering surrogate wild Chinook and steelhead Karen Cogliati, David Noakes, Cameron Sharpe, Rob Chitwood, Ryan Couture, and Carl Schreck

2. The Surrogate Team: Courtney Danley Olivia Hakanson Kate Self Heather Stewart Julia Unrein Eric Billman Volunteers and work study students OHRC Staff: Joseph O’Neil Joyce Mahr ODFW staff and hatchery managers Funding: Army Corps of Engineers A CKNOWLEDGMENTS

3. Barrier to fish movement Studies evaluating juvenile movement to and through WVP dams P ROJECT D AMS Detroit DamCougar Dam

4. Limited availability of fish Hatchery-origin substitute for research Hatchery phenotype ≠ wild phenotype ESA LISTED S ALMON AND S TEELHEAD

5. S URROGATE W ILD F ISHES Juveniles reared in artificial environments that emulate specific wild phenotypes Spring Chinook and winter steelhead

6. T HE S URROGATE P ROJECT Goal: Rear and deliver surrogate fish to researchers Objectives: 1.Develop rearing protocols that produce more wild-like fish 2.Establish criteria to evaluate the quality and phenotypic accuracy of our surrogates 3.Describe phenotypes of naturally-reared fish to establish target phenotypes 4.Describe phenotypes of hatchery-reared fish to determine the effects of conventional hatchery protocols on phenotypes

7. Planning 1-2 years in advance of fish needs Rear from eyed-egg or green egg stages Information required from researchers: Brood stock Time of release Target size at release S TEP 1: C OORDINATE WITH RESEARCHERS

8. Key players USACOE project leaders RME researchers ODFW Hatchery leadership

9. S PRING C HINOOK UPCOMING DELIVERIES LocationBrood Year Deliverable typeTarget dateTarget size (mm) McKenzie13YearlingFeb 2015125 South Santiam13YearlingFeb-Apr 2015140 MFW13YearlingSpring 2015125 McKenzie14Sub-yearlingMay 201565 McKenzie14Sub-yearlingSept-Oct 2015125 South Santiam14Sub-yearlingSept-Oct 2015198 MFW14Sub-yearlingFall 2015198 North Santiam14YearlingSpring 2016160

10. S PRING C HINOOK 2014 DELIVERIES StockBrood Year Target typeTarget size (mm) Status McKenzie12Yearling125Delivered March-May 2014 McKenzie13Sub-yearling145Pit tagged and picked up Oct 2014 McKenzie13Sub-yearling65Pit tagged and picked up May 2014 MFW13Sub-yearling65Delivered March 2014 South Santiam13Sub-yearling165-200Delivered Oct 6 2014

11. W INTER STEELHEAD 2014 AND 2015 DELIVERIES LocationBrood Year Deliverable typeTarget dateTarget size (mm) North Santiam13YearlingJune 2014140 South Santiam13YearlingOctober 2014140 South Santiam132-yr smoltFeb – Apr 2015180 North Santiam14YearlingFall 2015140 North Santiam142-yr smoltSpring 2016180 South Santiam142-yr smoltSpring 2016180

12. S TEP 1: C OORDINATE WITH RESEARCHERS

13. Sometimes fish needs change… Fish numbers Migratory phenotypes Target sizes S TEP 1: C OORDINATE WITH RESEARCHERS

14. We prepare for a change in requests… within reason More advanced notice = Better able to adapt to change

15. S TEP 2: R EAR HIGH QUALITY SURROGATES Goal: Rear and deliver surrogate fish to researchers Objectives: 1.Develop rearing protocols that produce more wild-like fish 2.Establish criteria to evaluate the quality and phenotypic accuracy of our surrogates 3.Describe phenotypes of naturally-reared fish to establish target phenotypes 4.Describe phenotypes of hatchery-reared fish to determine the effects of conventional hatchery protocols on phenotypes

16. E STABLISHING TARGET PHENOTYPES Migrating juveniles when released Rear them and they will migrate UC Davis

17. R EAR, RELEASE, MIGRATE … NOT QUITE NOAA Fisheries

18. Fall migrants Migrate out of tributary in late Fall and early Winter Spring Chinook – Subyearlings Winter steelhead – Yearlings Spring migrants Migrate out of tributary in late Winter and early Spring Spring Chinook – Yearlings Winter steelhead – 2-year smolts A VOID EARLY MATURATION AND THEY WILL MIGRATE …B UT WHEN ?

19. E STABLISHING TARGET PHENOTYPES

20. LocationBrood Year Deliverable typeTarget dateTarget size (mm) McKenzie13YearlingFeb 2015125 South Santiam13YearlingFeb-Apr 2015140 Dexter13YearlingSpring 2015125 McKenzie14Sub-yearlingMay 201565 McKenzie14Sub-yearlingSept-Oct 2015125 South Santiam14Sub-yearlingSept-Oct 2015198 Dexter14Sub-yearlingFall 2015198 North Santiam14YearlingSpring 2016160 M ORE THAN JUST SIZE

21. G ROWTH TRAJECTORIES Natural growth parameters for Spring Chinook N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M Spring Fall Data from Monzyk and Romer

22. Surrogate BY13 growth trajectories for Spring Chinook N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M Fall Spring G ROWTH TRAJECTORIES Incubation and rearing temperature Diet

23. A LTERED REARING ENVIRONMENT Tank environment Density Diet

24. L OW - LIPID STARTER DIET In collaboration with Bozeman Fish Technology Center Five experimental diet treatments: 1.4-6% lipid 2.8-9% lipid 3.11-12% lipid (equal to wild Chinook grower diet) 4.18-20% lipid from Bozeman 5.18-20% lipid - commercial Bio-vita starter Bozeman Fish Technology Center

25. Surrogate BY13 growth trajectories for Spring Chinook N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M Fall Spring G ROWTH TRAJECTORIES Low lipid starter diet benefits on growth? Very low frequency of precocial males

26. Fin index is a measure of fin erosion = Fin length / fork length E FFECTS OF REARING ON FISH QUALITY

27. Fin index is a measure of fin erosion = Fin length / fork length F IN QUALITY

28. Fin index is a measure of fin erosion = Fin length / fork length F IN QUALITY

29. Body condition/lipid content Smolt readiness Migratory behavior Morphology Brain size Foraging efficiency O THER PHENOTYPIC TRAITS

30. Phenotypic differences expressed early in life… Different life history tactics expressed later? W HAT ABOUT THE FISH ?

31. Vertical self-sorting at emergence Surface and Bottom fish Persistent behavior B EHAVIORAL PHENOTYPES

32. M ORPHOLOGICAL PHENOTYPES Surface vs bottom Shorter head Smaller eye Deeper body Shorter caudal peduncle Morphological variation at 55 mm FL bottom surface Unrein et al. in prep

33. T RANSLATE TO MIGRATION BEHAVIOR ? Fall or spring migrants Upstream or downstream parr

34. T RANSLATE TO MIGRATION BEHAVIOR ? Billman et al. 2014; Unrein et al. in prep

35. Egg size Emergence timing E ARLY LIFE HISTORY

36. N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M Fall Spring N ATURAL MIGRATION LIFE HISTORY Rear fish using naturally predisposed growth trajectory

37. T HANK Y OU Q UESTIONS ?