2.  11-19Stand alone  9-16Walk without support  9-17Stand on 1 leg  11-21Climbs (chairs, etc.)  13-17Walk backward  14-22Run  16-30Walk on tiptoes  17-30Jump in place  22-36Walk up & down stairs

3.  7-15 Hold writing instrument (i.e. –crayon)  8-16 Coordinate actions of both hands  10-19 Build tower of 2 blocks  10-21 Scribble  12-18 Feed self with spoon  15-23 Build tower of 3-4 blocks  20-28 Draw straight line on paper  24-32 Brush teeth  26-34 Build tower of 8-10 blocks  29-37 Copy circle

4.  Between 18 & 30 months of age  Key Signs:  Staying “dry” for 1-2 hrs. per day  Regular bowel movements (at same time each day)  Increased anticipation of the event (expressed through looks or words)  Interest in the toilet  Asking to use the toilet  Asking to wear underwear instead of diaper

5.  Autonomy- a sense of self governing or personal control over their immediate environment;  Defiance & negative responses from the toddler are typical (resisting parental boundaries or “control”)

6.  Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 mos)  The child intentionally tries an action out, to see what the effects will be (performed repeatedly)  Examples?  Text: Little Scientists (i.e. – Twins & flushing toilet)

7.  Mental Representations (18-24 mos.)  Child first thinks about the possibilities & selects the action which most likely to achieve the desired outcome

8. Language: are mental representations we have of objects, people, actions, & ideas Text: Lucienne & matchbox w/ chain in it Piano Pavo real Paddle board Lacrosse

9. Learning Theory: B.F. Skinner Behavior Ecology Theory: Noam Chomsky  Praise/reward influences the development of language.  Training by parents is necessary for language acquisition.  Utterances are learned through imitation…  Children are active learners of language.  Parents do not have to train their child to learn language  Rules of sentence structure cannot be taught to children in order to acquire language…

10.  Cooing- birth – 2-6 mos.; 1 vowel sound; “oooo”  Babbling- emerges at 6 mos; string 2 + sounds; “papapa” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JmA2ClUvUY 2 min 9 sec

11.  Private speech - children talk to themselves in a self-guiding & self-directing way a) First aloud b) Then internally  Used to work through new concepts & experiences a) (i.e.) – how a toy works: “this goes there”, or b) (i.e. ) - social experiences: “I share”