1. Chapter 14
Blood

2. Functions Transportation Food and oxygen to cells Waste from cells
Hormones
Heat from the core to the surface

3. Blood Characteristics
Plasma = fluid portion of blood.
55% of the blood’s volume
90% water, 8% proteins, and 2% acids and salts.
Blood Cells:
Erythrocytes – red blood cells (rbc) (99%)
Leukocytes – white blood cells (.2%)
Thrombocytes – platelets (.6 – 1%)

4. Blood Characteristics Continued
Blood volume
Varies with age, body type, and sex
Body Fat
decrease in body fat = increase blood volume.
More oxygen to cells = increase energy
About pints of blood

5. Blood Cells Erythrocytes (Red blood cells) Appearance Abnormalities
No nucleus or organelles
Concave shape (donut)
Large surface area to carry oxygen
Great elasticity
Abnormalities
Sickle cells – crescent shaped RBC’s
Hemoglobin – molecule in RBC
Contains 4 iron atoms – which allows oxygen to bind
Men carry more than women
Color of blood depends on hemoglobin content

6. Blood Cells Continued Erythrocytes
Anemia – the state of having a deficiency of hemoglobin content in RBC’s
Blood doping – increases RBC’s = increase in hemoglobin = more oxygen to cells
Formation of RBC’s – Erythoropoiesis
Mature in red bone marrow
Contain reticulocytes – help doctors diagnose how much blood is being made
Destruction of RBC’s
Live 3-4 months
Cells lining blood vessels phagocytose RBC’s
Iron is recycled in the liver
Bilirubin is formed = yellow pigment = jaundice

7. Homeostatic Mechanism – Keeps RBC’s Constant
Normal Red Blood Count
Tends to restore
Some Factor (Car Wreck)
Tissue Hypoxia
Increased # of RBC’s
Decreased # of RBC’s
Increased secretion of erythroprotein by kidney and liver
Increased erythropoiesis (rbc production) by red bone marrow
Hormone

8. Blood Cells Continued Leukocytes (White blood cells) Appearance
Five types in body – lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils
Function
Fight infection
Phagocytosis – ingest and digest microbes
Formation
In red bone marrow or lymphatic tissue
Life span not known (3-12 days or 3-6 months)

9. Blood Cells Continued Platlets Appearance Function Formation
Colorless, irregular spindles or oval disks
Function
Hemostasis – stopping of blood flow to area
Clotting – plugging up ruptured vessels
Formation
In red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen
About a 10 day life span

11. Blood Types
A person’s blood type depends on the type of antigen on the RBC membrane
Type A – antigen A on RBC
Type B – antigen B on RBC
Type AB – antigen A and B on RBC (universal recipient)
Type O – no antigen A or B on RBC (universal donor)
Rh-factor = Rh antigen on RBC
Rh-positive = Rh antigen present
Rh-negative = Rh antigen not present

13. Blood Types Continued
Antigen – stimulates the formation of antibodies (identify and neutralize foreign objects) that combine with antigen to clump cells
Danger in blood transfusions
Plasma never contains antibodies against the antigen present on RBC’s

14. Blood Types Continued Anti-Rh antibodies
No blood usually contains this antibody
Can show up in blood of an Rh-negative type comes into contact with an Rh-positive type
Transfusions
Pregnant women with Rh-negative blood
Fetus is Rh-positive (gene from dad)
Blood mixes at birth – mother’s body makes anti-Rh antibodies (no harm to mother)
During the 2nd pregnancy the antibodies could attack the fetus and destroy = erythroblastosis fetalis

15. Blood Types Continued

16. Blood Coagulation Mechanism Vessel is cut Bleeding occurs
Platelets aggregate at the site of injury
Formation of a chemical with chemical fibrinogen
Insoluble fibrin is made and tangles with RBC which forms the clot
RBC’s give scab a red/brown color

17. Blood Coagulation Continued
Opposition of Clotting Mechanism
Smooth surface of blood vessel
Antithrombins – heparin
No thrombin made – no clot

18. Blood Coagulation Continued
Factors that Hasten Clotting
Rough spot on blood vessel lining
Slow blood flow to area – atherosclerosis
Bed patients must be moved frequently
Clots seem to grow once started
Clinical method
Apply gauze – rough surface
Heat massage

19.
Donating Blood

20.
Blood Typing

21. Blood Transfusion Game
Blood Transfusion Game