2. What is my Question?
Hook: Think back to a time when someone persuaded you to change your mind. What did that person do, and why did you change your mind?

3. Experiment on a bird and an airpump, by a British artist in a small town in Darbeshire.
Activity is important enough to be played in a small place, not just the capital.
Bourgeosie participating, something normal for educated middle class people.
Not big news, but like many of the science experiements we do.
Guys are interested, but the girls can’t bare it. Distressing for girls.
Sets up our lecture. Use of scientific experiments, instrumentations, and social activity and gendering of the sciences.

4. challenged traditional sources of knowledge.
Analyze how Galileo, Descartes, and Newton altered traditional interpretations of nature and
challenged traditional sources of knowledge.
Common to all three was a challenge, whether implicit or
explicit, to the Aristotelian and classical worldview espoused by scholastic philosophers and endorsed by
the Catholic Church.

5. The “What” Self-conscious way of attaining knowledge about the world.
Theoretical and empirical development. (Scientific Method)
News institutional structure for gaining, verifying, and distributing knowledge.
The rise of science as a self-conscious critical way of attaining knowledge about the world.
Scientific Revolution is more than discoveries. It is the a self-conscious critical way of attaining knowledge about the world and the institutional and social structures of the world which made that revolution possible.
Modern science become characteristic of modern Western World.
It does not mean the secularization of science. Newton, Kepler, and Boyle were deeply religious people. Furthermore, religious matter was the most produced writing of the time.
One of the most important structural changes was the creation of peer review and the growth of a new international republic of learning.

6. History of the Royal Society of London (1667)
This piece suggest the interest of the state in society and science.
This was an institution of civil society where men came together to talk about science.
Not paid
Like the Reformation, which utilized pamphlets, the scientific revolution used this system of publications.

7. King Louis XIV visiting the Academy of Sciences
Sebastian Le Clerc (1671)
Every important European city has an academy of science.

8. “Where-When-Who” Where: France, Italy, the Netherlands, Great Britain.
When: From Copernicus (1543) to Newton (1727)
Who: Largely men who engage in an activity seen as masculine, although there were women as well.

9. Genius? is What a Einstien Disney Mozart Gates
genius is a person with great intelligence. The term also applies to one who is a polymath, or someone skilled in many mental areas. ...
“The Century of Genius” (17th century is often considered a century of genius.
Origins of modern science date to the 17th century.
Struggle to understand the cosmos.
Contradicted traditional thinking.
Gates

10. Ancient and Medieval Science
Aristotle until 16th
Geo-centric.
Cosmos ordered into spheres.
Nature’s tendency was rest.
A motionless earth was fixed at the center of the universe. Around it moved ten separate transparent crystal spheres. In the first eight spheres were embedded, in turn, the moon, the sun, the five known planets, and the fixed stars. Then followed two spheres added during the Middle Ages to account for slight changes into eh position of the stars over the centuries. Beyond the tenth sphere was heaven.
Angels kept the spheres moving in perfect circles.
The spheres consisted of a perfect, incorruptible “quintessence,” (pure concentration of everything, flawlessness. The sublunar world was made up of four imperfect, changeable elements.
Aristotle’s ideas were accepted for 2000 years. They offered common sense answers for what the eye saw.
Furthermore, Aristotle’s ideas fit with Christian doctrine.
Made the link in the Great Chain of Being.

11. A mover had to be found for every motion.
The problem with this model is that it became increasingly difficult to make assumptions of calendars based on this model.

12. Hypothesize some possible causes for such a scientific view during the medieval period?
Medieval thinkers believed that scientific inquiry should serve theological ends.
Aristotle's’ view of motion toward and away from the earth, supported the Church’s view of good and evil.

13. The New Philosophy of Science
New Cultural
and
Political
Horizons
The New Philosophy of Science
Modern science is defined as precise knowledge of the physical world based on the union of experimental observations with sophisticated mathematics – crystallized in the seventeenth century.
Science become primary in the education of an individual.
“Outshines everything since the rise of Christianity and reduces the Renaissance and Reformation to the rank of mere episodes, mere internal displacements, within the system of medieval Christianity.”
Off all the great civilizations, only that of the West developed modern science.

14. Revolution in Astronomy
Aristotle until 16th
Geo-centric.
Cosmos ordered into spheres.
Nature’s tendency was rest.
The revolution in astronomy grows out of a technical problem. The procession of the equinox.
The world wobbles on its axis and the consequences of this wobbling is if you are measuring when the sun crosses a particular line of latitude (i.e. The equator) you are going to be 11 minutes off every year. Means the calendars off. For thousands of years they are trying to fix this.
Easter is set by a heavenly event. First Sunday after vernal equinox. How to make a better calendar and astronomical predictions.

15. Vehement and passionate interest in the relation of general principles to irreducible and stubborn facts.

16. Copernicus Planets move around the earth at different speed.
Concluded Helio-centric model
Shift in Theoretical astronomy
Angered Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish theologians.
Copernicus was a Polish clergyman and astronomer.
Worked on his hypothesis from 1506 – 1530.
Theorized the earth and planets revolved around the sun. Fearing repurcussions from contemporaries, he did not publish his On the Revolutions of the Heavenly spheres until 1543, the year of his death.
Scientific and religious implications
Placed stars at rest. Suggested a universe of staggering size.
Destroyed Aristotelian theory
Copernicus responds to the Church’s calendar problems and reorders the heavens based on no new observations. The previous astronomers know that there were really no spheres, and that certain planets moved at different speeds, sometimes moving backwards.
So Copernicus really just replaced the geo-centric model with a helio centric model to see if it solves some of the problems. (Changing a variable like X)
You don’t have to believe it, lets just assume this because it makes for better astronomy.

17. Tycho Brahe How does the universe work?
Brahe reflected Copernicus theory of the earth revolving around the sun.
Born a leading Danish noble family and earmarked for a career in government.
An imposing man who had lost a piece of his nose in a duel and replaced it with a special bridge of gold and silver alloy, a noble who exploited his peasants arrogantly and approached the heavens humbly, Brahe’s great contribution was his mass data. His limited mathematics prevented him from making much sense of his data.
Aided by generous grants form the King of Denmark, Brahe built to most sophisticated observatory of his day. Observed the stars and planets for 20 years.
Part Ptolemaic, part Copernican, he believed that all planets revolved around the sun and that the entire group revolved in turn around the earth-moon system.
(Cannonball dropped).
Brahe had the five known planets rotating around the sun, then rotating around the earth.
Observed a Nova and comet, undermining the Aristotelian theory of an unchanging universe.
Complied data using observation, systematic charting, and mathematics.
False turns and setbacks were part of the process of the scientific revolution.

18. Johannes Kepler Shared the Copernican theory
Concluded the orbits were elliptical.
Three Laws of Plantary motion.
Obssessed with mathematics. Studied theology and be a professor.
Brahe’s assistant. Astronomer, mathematician, religious mystic, and astrologer. From a minor German noble family and trained for the Lutheran ministry, he long believed that the universe was built on mystical mathematical relationships and a musical harmony of the heavenly bodies.
Formulated Three famous laws of planetary motion. First, building on Copernican theory, he demonstrated in 1609 that the orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather than circular. Second, planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits. Third, in 1619 he showed that the time it takes a planet to make it orbit is precisely related to the distance from the sun. Proving mathematically the precise relations of a sun-centered solar system.
Destroyed Aristotle and nearly proving laws of gravitation.
The hand of God was not necessary to govern the movements of the planets.
The glory of God lay in the consistency, harmony and order of the universe.
Kepler brings mathematical regularity with detailed new observations.
Very religious man, God has to be thinking mathematically.

19. Prioritize what were the most important points?

20. Francis Bacon “Knowledge is Power” Scientific Method Empiricism
Novum Organum
Scholasticism “how many angels could stand on the head of a pin.”
No practical purpose
His works established and popularized an inductive methodology for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method or simply, the scientific method.
Sciences should work in cooperation to overcome the necessities and miseries of humanity.
In Novum Organum he insisted on the inductive method where an individual proceeds from a particular to a general, from a concrete to an abstract. (The study of leaves) Founding of knowledge based on observation and experimentation.
Have a lot of facts and how do you put them together. Lots of fact gatherers. He died experimenting whether freezing a chicken preserves it. It does, however he got pnuemonia and died. Start with local knowledge and ultimately come up with general hypothesis and generally test. Begin with certainty below.

21. Galileo The telescope Observations concluded the sun rotated.
Falling objects velocity not determined by mass.
Poor nobleman first marked for a religious career.
First to use the telescope and realize that the theoretical science of math and Copernicus might be observable and real.
His greatest contribution was the elaboration and consolidation of the modern experimental method. Conducted controlled experiments.
Undermined Aristotelian notion of motion.
His famous acceleration experiment, he showed that uniform force, in this case gravity, produced uniform acceleration.
A piece of wooden molding Was taken; on its edge was cut a channel a little more than one finger in breadth. Having made this groove very straight, smooth and polished, and having lined it with parchment, also as smooth and polished as possible, we rolled along it a hand, smooth and very round bronze ball Noting The time required to make the descent We now rolled the ball only one-quarter the length of the channel: and having measured the time of it’s descent We found it precisely one-half of the former In such experiments, repeated a full hundred times, we always found that the spaces traversed were to each other as squares of the times, and that this was true for all inclinations of the plane.
Motion, not rest was a natural state.
Universe was subject to laws of mathematics.
1616, the pope warned Galileo not to teach his findings.
Condemned by the Inquisition in 1633 after publishing a book.

22. First View of the Moon through a Telescope (1609)
The perfection of the heavenly sphere was disproved with observations of the moon, which was heavily pock marked.
First View of the Moon through a Telescope (1609)

23. Using the telescope, Galileo observes the moons of Jupiter.
Jupiter’s moons are orbiting Jupiter. Maybe suggests a realists interpretation of the earth moving around the sun.
Doesn’t prove it. But it is a model.
Galileo is a concerned Catholic. Got in trouble with the Inquisition in 1616, supposedly promised never to teach Copernician ideas condemned as a heretic after producing a book. Spent the rest of his life under house arrest.
Never intended to use science against religion. Science came as striking discoveries. Not a fanatic Copernican, but it eventually discovered it. Almost 50 when he put Copernican ideas into print.
Always believed we should trust our sense and reason. Freeing science from philosophy. Academic opponents got the church involved.

24. Descartes and Newton: Competing theories of Scientific Knowledge:
Descartes truth through deductive reasoning.
Newton followed Bacon’s insistence that scientific knowledge was through scientific experimentation.
Descartes made up the rationalist rules of science.
Systematic doubt we are sure of nothing.
We build up from a few things to the larger.
Discover truth without recourse to authority.
Cartesian process. Having a hypothesis and proving the hypothesis.

25. Rene Descartes Deduction 1637, published a Discourse of Method.
Cartesian Dualism
Different methodology for understanding the universe
Deduce conclusions from a set of premises, not scientific observations
To derive as a conclusion from something known or assumed.
To trace the derivation of; trace the course of.
Begin with a blank slate.
Cogito, ergo sum, (I think, therefore I am), the ability to think is the basis of human existence.
Each problem separated into parts for a solution. From the simplest to the most difficult.

26. Support with Deduction the existence of YOU!

27. Principia, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Isaac Newton
( )
Principia, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Theory and experimentation.
Built upon Kepler, Galileo, and Descartes to create a bold synthesis of the Scientific Revolution.
The new findings had not, however, been fused together in a new synthesis, a single explanatory system that would comprehend motion both on earth and in the skies.
Newton was intensely religious. In 1684 Newton returned to physics for eighteen grueling months. For weeks on end he seldom left his room except to read his lectures. His meals were sent up, but he usually forgot to eat them, his mind fastened like a vise on the laws of the universe.
His towering accomplishment was to integrate in a single explanatory system the astronomy of Copernicus, as corrected by Kepler’s laws, with the physics of Galileo and his predecessors. Newton did this by means of a set of mathematical laws that explain motion and mechanics.
Newtonian synthesis was the law of universal gravitation.

28. Falling apple related to planetary motion.
Kepler’s laws correct if planets were pulled toward the sun by a force.
Newtonian Synthesis: Heavens and earth in a uniform and infinite and mathematically regular universe.
Earth and celestial objects are subject to laws, described by mathematical formulas (science of mechanics).
According to this law, everybody in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship, whereby the force of attraction is proportional to the quantity of matter of the objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
The whole universe from Kepler’s elliptical orbit to Galileo's rolling balls 0 was unified in one majestic system.
Calculated the density of the earth.
Electrical messages activated the nervous system.
Anticipated ideas of thermodynamics and quantum physics.
All colors are composed of primary colors of the spectrum.

29. Biology as Physics
Harvey thinks of the heart as a pump.

30. The Anatomy of Dr. Paaw of Leiden (1616)
The Culture of Science
Mechanization of the world picture: the world as a matter in motion and the end of an allegorical relationship between heaven and earth.
It’s a flattening of the God, King, hierarchy of the Great Chain of Being.
Public anatomy illustrated the institutional changes.
Peter the Great attended the anatomy class in Amsterdam. The modern world.

31. Anatomoy Lesson of Dr. Nicholas Tulp (Rembrandt 1632)
The Culture of Science
Science could be put to use in the interest civilization.
Revolution in thought.
Technological innovations used to improve life.
Looking at the body as a mechanical device (tendons)
New navigational instruments.
Improvement in the Barometer.
Improvement in the microscope.
Scientists provided commercial and military inventions.
Pushed theology into the background.
Mankind may one day master nature.
Mankind could live independently of God.
Bounds of moral philosophy will be enlarged.
Subjecting society, government, and political thought to critical scrutiny.
Call absolutism in doubt by influencing the philosophers
Intellectual
Anatomoy Lesson of Dr. Nicholas Tulp (Rembrandt 1632)

32. First Look at Spit under a Microscope
Dutch are the great inventors of optics. Leewenhoek is a lens grinder, first guy to see bacteria and germs.
Look at fleas and other parts of the world.
Leeuwenhoek
(1683)

33. Women are key in botany. Botany Maria Sebilla Marien
Went to the Caribbean and drew plants.
Metapmorphus of the Suriname insect.

34. challenged traditional sources of knowledge.
Analyze how Galileo, Descartes, and Newton altered traditional interpretations of nature and
challenged traditional sources of knowledge.
Common to all three was a challenge, whether implicit or
explicit, to the Aristotelian and classical worldview espoused by scholastic philosophers and endorsed by
the Catholic Church.

35. Galileo challenges geo-centric world and moral dimensions.
Challenge Aristotelian model espoused by the scholastics, and endorsed by the Catholic Church
Galileo challenges geo-centric world and moral dimensions.
Galileo’s universe conflicted with the Bible and Aristotle
Descartes’s reasoning based on empirical observation and deduction left no room for revelation.
Newton took Galileo’s physics and created a set of mathematical laws that explain motion and mechanics.
Scientific Method
Common to all three was a challenge, whether implicit or explicit, to the Aristotelian and classical worldview espoused by scholastic philosophers and endorsed by the Catholic Church.
Galileo explicitly challenged the classical model of a geocentric universe, which in
the version endorsed by the Church encompassed moral as well as physical dimensions.
Galileo’s account of the universe conflicted with both the Bible and classical authorities
such as Aristotle and Ptolemy
Descartes’s and Newton’s creation of mathematical descriptions of natural phenomenon established a new scientific practice that would
generate knowledge not from established authorities but from careful experimentation, observation, and
formulation of new mathematically grounded descriptions.
Newton systematized Galileo’s insight about the fundamental unity of the
earthly and the celestial realms and raised the possibility of a purely mechanistic universe driven by
predictable laws. Newton did this by means of a set of mathematical laws that explain motion and mechanics.
Newtonian synthesis was the law of universal gravitation.

36. Compare and contrast the similarities between the ancient and medieval science and the new science?

37. Suppose you were a member of government, how would you react to all of these new ideas?
Intrinsic value of freedom and that people should be ruled by law, not rules.